人体骨骼生物力学测试研究综述

骨骼是由矿物质和胶原蛋白等成分构成的多尺度层级结构，其在生理载荷作用下的自适应特性造就了骨骼复杂的非均匀性、各项异性等特性。为适应机械、生物力学、医学、航空航天、法医等多领域中骨骼生物力学特性的表征，需要利用多种不同的材料力学测试方法，准确地获取骨骼的材料本构参数。全面介绍了骨骼试样的保存、制备、测试及材料本构参数识别方法，分析了各种力学测试方法的特点及其对骨骼试样的要求。还介绍了新测试技术在骨骼力学特性表征方面的应用，基于三点弯曲测试方法提出了一套人体骨骼的材料参数获取流程。可为骨骼生物力学特性的系统表征提供理论和方法参考。

Review of Biomechanical Testing Methods for Human Bones

The skeleton is a multiscale hierarchical structure composed of minerals, collagen proteins, and other constituents. The complex non-uniformity and anisotropy of bones are attributed to their adaptive characteristics under physiological loads. To characterize the biomechanical properties of bones in various fields such as mechanical engineering, biomechanics, medicine, aerospace, and forensics, it is necessary to employ a range of material testing methods to accurately obtain the material constitutive parameters of the skeleton. The article comprehensively introduces the preservation, preparation, testing, and identification methods for material constitutive parameters of bone specimens, and analyzes the characteristics of various mechanical testing methods and their requirements for bone samples. Additionally, the article discusses the application of new testing technologies in characterizing the biomechanical properties of bones. Finally, based on the three-point bending testing method, this article proposes a process for acquiring material parameters of human bones. The methods and technologies discussed provide theoretical and methodological references for the systematic characterization of bone biomechanical properties.