Equilibrium scheduling of vehicle-to-grid technology using activity based modelling |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada;2. Department of Civil & Urban Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;1. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;2. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK;1. Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden;2. Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Breslauer Strasse 48, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany;3. Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden;4. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 1590 Tilia Street, CA 95616, USA;1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Power Station Automation Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China;2. School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen''s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5 AH, UK;1. Laboratory for Energy Conversion, Institute for Energy Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;2. St. Galler Stadtwerke, Vadianstrasse 8, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is a technology which can reduce the cost for power distribution network operators by storing electricity in the batteries of electric-drive vehicles and retrieving it when energy demands increase during the course of a day. Participants of V2G are reimbursed for offering their vehicles which can lead to changes in trip schedules when V2G payments are high and travelers are sensitive to the payments. However, prior studies have ignored the effects of V2G on travelers’ schedules. This research gap is addressed with a bi-level V2G market equilibrium model where the lower level model determines the equilibrium activity patterns as a result of upper level pricing and linear approximated AC flow distribution decisions. An algorithm is proposed for the model and illustrated on a simple telecommuting example where travelers can work from home and offer their vehicle charge capacity to the power provider. The model is then applied to the same case study from Lam and Yin (2001) to first replicate the lower level equilibrium problem as a special case when no V2G is present, and then to show the potential effects of the V2G policy to decrease locational marginal prices for a distribution network operator. The proposed algorithm for the V2G policy resulted in a substantial 20% increase in social welfare over the benchmark equilibrium without V2G. |
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| Keywords: | V2G Electric vehicles Smart grid Activity based modelling LPAC |
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