Environmental assessment of electrification of road transport in Norway: Scenarios and impacts |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), PO Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway;2. Systems Analysis Unit, Instituto IMDEA Energía, E-28935 Móstoles, Spain;3. Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain;1. University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bakola and Sialvera, 50100 Kozani, Greece;2. Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 483, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute for Research & Technology of Thessaly Technology Park of Thessaly, 1st Industrial Area, 38500 Volos, Greece;1. Industrial Doctorate Centre in Systems, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK;1. School of Environment, and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;3. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China |
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| Abstract: | The study develops scenarios regarding the introduction of electric vehicles to the passenger vehicle fleet of Norway to reach the 2020 Norwegian greenhouse gas reduction target and a more extreme target to limit global temperature increase to two degrees. A process-based life cycle assessment approach is integrated with a temporally variable inventory model to evaluate the environmental impacts of these scenarios. We find that greenhouse gases in the reference scenario increase by 10% in 2020 in comparison to 2012; while for the more intensive improvements in conventional vehicles, this increase is reduced to 2%. For electric vehicles deployment scenarios, although the fleet share will reduce the tailpipe greenhouse gas emissions by 8–26%, with the upper end representing the two-degree reduction target, emissions reductions over the entire life cycle are only 3–15%. Electric vehicles also reduce emissions of NOx, SO2 and particulates reducing acidification, smog formation and particulate formation impacts, however, with addition of large numbers of electric vehicles significant trade-offs in toxicity impacts are found. |
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| Keywords: | Road transport Electric vehicles Climate change mitigation Life cycle assessment |
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