驾驶行为与驾驶风险国际研究进展

驾驶人在驾驶车辆的过程中总会面临由自身或外界条件所带来的或高或低的风险，即驾驶风险，通过对驾驶风险进行识别、分析及评估是对风险进行管理的有效对策，明确由人为因素（即驾驶人个体特征及驾驶行为）所带来的驾驶风险并对驾驶人进行安全管理尤为重要。为了全面了解各类危险驾驶行为和各种驾驶人群体的驾驶风险行为研究进展，对驾驶风险领域重点问题进行了总体概述。从驾驶人个体特征及驾驶行为的角度出发，探究了驾驶风险领域目前的研究现状，并利用科学知识图谱展示驾驶风险领域研究的发展进程与结构关系。通过Web of Science核心合集数据库获取了3 406篇在1986~2020年（截至2020年2月29日）间出版的驾驶风险研究相关英文文献，共涵盖8 684位作者及6 018个关键词，基于科学知识图谱对该领域文献进行梳理与分析。结果表明：驾驶风险领域的国外研究在驾驶人选择方面主要从年轻驾驶人、老年驾驶人、新手驾驶人及职业驾驶人的角度进行切入，重点围绕酒驾、药驾、分心驾驶及疲劳驾驶等主题开展研究。与国外研究相比，中国在分心驾驶、疲劳驾驶领域的研究相对丰富，而针对酒驾、药驾的研究试验手段较为单一，研究不够全面；在研究对象的选取上，有必要进一步增加老年驾驶人及新手驾驶人的深入研究，包括老年驾驶人适驾性评估与教育培训，以及新手驾驶人驾照分级制度的可行性探索。在研究方法方面，国外常见研究方法包括问卷调查、驾驶模拟器试验、实车试验以及自然驾驶研究等，而中国在自然驾驶研究领域尚未充分开发利用；未来应考虑多种方法相结合并从不同角度促进对驾驶行为及驾驶风险的全面理解。

International Research Progress on Driving Behavior and Driving Risks

In the process of driving a vehicle, drivers always face high or low risks caused either by their own or due to the external conditions, i.e. the driving risks. Identification, analysis, and evaluation of driving risks hence serve as an effective countermeasure for risk management. The key problems in gaining a complete understanding of dangerous driving behaviors and the research progress of driving risks observed in numerous types of drivers are summarized. From the perspective of individual characteristics and driving behaviors of the drivers, this paper explores the status of current research in this field using the mapping knowledge domain (MKD) to explain the development process and structural relationship of different driving risks studies. Through the Web of Science Core Collection database, this paper obtained 3 406 articles in English literature that were related to driving risks, which were published between 1986 and 2020 (up to 29th February, 2020). It was observed that this collection covered the studies from a total of 8 684 authors and obtained 6 018 related key words, and were systematically analyzed based on the method of MKD. The analysis shows that the international research in the field of driving risk mainly focuses on young drivers, old drivers, novice drivers and professional drivers; moreover, it was centered on the topics of alcohol driving, drug driving, distracted driving, and fatigue driving. When compared with the international research, several studies in the field of distracted driving and fatigue driving are available in China. However, the research and experimental methods for drunk driving and drug driving are relatively scant. Furthermore, for the selection of research objects, it is necessary to increase the in-depth research on the elderly drivers and novice drivers, including the evaluation of fitness-to-drive along with the education training of the elderly drivers, as well as the exploration of feasibility among novice drivers' graduated driver license system.Concerning research methods, the common international methods include questionnaire surveys, driving simulator experiments, real vehicle experiments, and naturalistic driving studies. In comparison, the field of naturalistic driving studies has not been fully developed and utilized in China. In summary, a combination of various methods needs to be considered to promote a comprehensive understanding of driving behaviors and driving risks from different perspectives.