The impact of Low Emission Zones on particulate matter concentration and public health |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Muenster, Institute of Spatial and Housing Economics, Am Stadtgraben 9, 48143 Muenster, Germany;2. University of Muenster, Institute of Transport Economics, Am Stadtgraben 9, 48143 Muenster, Germany;1. University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, IUT Chalon-sur-Saône, UMR ThéMA, 4 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France;2. University of Paris-East, IFSTTAR, 14-20 Bd Newton, 14-20 boulevard Newton, Cité Descartes 77447 Marne la Vallée, France;1. IFSTTAR-Transports and Environment Laboratory, Case 24, Bron 69675, France;2. Laboratore de Chimie Moléculaire en Environnement, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, le Bourget-du-Lac 73370, France;1. Medical Research Council (MRC)–Public Health England Centre for Environmental Health, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy''s and St Thomas'' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King''s College London, London, UK;2. Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK;3. Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia;4. MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King''s College London, London, UK;5. Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;6. Allergy Centre, HK Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;1. Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, The Netherlands;2. University of Liège, HEC Liège, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | A common policy for reducing particulate matter concentrations in the European Union is the introduction of Low Emission Zones (LEZs), which may only be entered by vehicles meeting predefined emission standards. This paper examines the effectiveness of LEZs for reducing PM10 levels in urban areas in Germany and quantifies the associated health impacts from reduced air pollution within the zones. We employ a fixed effects panel data model for daily observations of PM10 concentrations from 2000 to 2009 and control, inter alia, for local meteorological conditions and traffic volume. We apply the regression outputs to a concentration response function derived from the epidemiological literature to calculate associated health impacts of the introduction of LEZs in 25 German cities with 3.96 million inhabitants. Associated uncertainties are accounted for in Monte-Carlo simulations. It is found that the introduction of LEZs has significantly reduced inner city PM10 levels. We estimate the total mean health impact from reduced air pollution in 2010 due to the introduction of stage 1 zones to be ∼760 million EUR in the 25 LEZ cities in the sample, whereas total mean health benefits are ∼2.4 billion EUR for the more stringent stage 2 zones when applied in the same cities. |
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| Keywords: | Environmental policy Germany Low Emission Zones Road transport Particulate matter Health effects |
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