国内盾构开舱技术现状与风险管控

盾构在长距离掘进后，由于隧道地质的复杂性和工程的特殊性，不可避免地发生刀具磨损和刀盘损坏等现象，此时必须停机进行开舱检修，因此对盾构开舱技术以及刀盘、刀具的修复技术进行研究和总结至关重要。针对盾构开舱以及刀盘、刀具修复难题，通过实践经验对国内盾构开舱技术现状、开舱的目的和风险进行总结； 并以南京扬子江隧道饱和带压换刀作业和地铁盾构开舱为例，分别从两大盾构类型（泥水盾构和土压盾构）对常压开舱和带压开舱技术以及盾构开舱的辅助措施进行分析，详细介绍常压开舱和带压开舱的适用范围、开舱条件、工作原理、作业流程以及开舱的关键技术等。最后，分别以某地铁盾构隧道和南京扬子江隧道的动火修复作业为例，对常压和高压状态下的刀盘动火修复技术进行详细介绍。经过实践总结与分析可知： 1）目前国内关于盾构开舱高压下作业的培训及认证体系还不完善，专业队伍比较缺乏，安全生产许可证和业绩评定体系尚不够健全，带压换刀作业手册和管理尚不规范成熟，盾构动火作业的安全形势依然很严峻； 2）盾构开舱风险较大，因此应严格加强盾构开舱的风险防范，并应根据具体施工情况尽量做到主动开舱，避免被动开舱； 3）目前虽然已成功地在某些工程完成了盾构开舱及刀盘、刀具修复作业，但盾构开舱技术的相关管理体系亟需构建，新技术的开发异常紧迫，因此加强技术交流、加快新技术的研发是一项长期的工作。

State of art and Risk Management of Shield Chamber Opening Technology

The complexity of geology and specificity of project induced shield cutting tool wear and breakdown is unavoidable after long distance tunneling of shield, hence shield stop and cutting tool inspection should be carried out. In this paper, the shield chamber opening technology and cutterhead and cutting tool inspection are studied and summarized. And then the state of art, purpose and risk of chamber opening technology in China are summarized by practice; the chamber opening of slurry shield and EPB shield under atmospheric condition and hyperbaric condition and auxiliary measures are analyzed; and the applicable scope, conditions, working principle, operation procedure and key technologies for shield chamber opening under atmospheric condition and hyperbaric condition are introduced in detail, by taking cutting tool replacement of Yangtze River Shield Tunnel in Nanjing under saturated hyperbaric condition and metro shield chamber opening for example. Finally, the fire operation technology of chamber of a metro shield tunnel and Yangtze River Shield Tunnel in Nanjing under atmospheric condition and hyperbaric condition are presented in detail. The practice, summarization and analytical results show that: (1) There still are many problems in shield chamber opening under hyperbaric condition in China, i.e. imperfect training and certification system, inexperienced team, inadequate evaluation system of production safety license and achievement, immature operation handbook and management of cutting tool replacement under hyperbaric condition, and safety control of fire operation of shield. (2) The shield chamber opening is risky; hence, active chamber opening should be carried out. (3) Although few achievements have been obtained in shield chamber opening and cutterhead and cutting tool repairing, relevant management system for shield chamber opening still needs to be established; new technology still needs to be developed; and technical exchange still needs to be carried out.