From Offline to Adaptive Online Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Vehicle Using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

This paper details the development of an energy management strategy (EMS) for real-time control of a multi hybrid plug-in electric bus. The energy management problem has been formulated as an optimal control problem in order to minimize the fuel consumption of the bus drivetrain for a typical day of operation. Considering the physical characteristics of the studied hybrid electric bus and its well-known daily tour, the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) is firstly used as the mean to obtain offline optimal EMS. Afterward, in order to adapt the proposed strategy for real-time implementation, the proposed control parameters are adapted online using feedback from the battery state of energy (SOE) which allows us to accurately control the battery SOE in the presence of wide range of uncertainties. The work proposed in this paper is conducted on a dedicated high-fidelity dynamical model of the hybrid bus, that was developed on MATLAB/TruckMaker software. The performance evaluation of the proposed strategy is carried out using a normalized driving cycles to represent different driving scenarios. Obtained results show that among the investigated methods, it is reasonable to conclude that the proposed adaptive online strategy based on PMP is the most suitable to design the targeted EMS.