Energy factors for flexible fuel engines and vehicles operating with gasoline-ethanol blends |
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| Institution: | 1. Pontifical University of Minas Gerais, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Av. Dom José Gaspar 500, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;2. Anhanguera Universitary Center, Av. Industrial, 3330, 09080-511 Santo André, SP, Brazil;3. Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;4. Birmingham City University, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Millennium Point, Curzon St, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK;1. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, at the Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;2. Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;3. RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;1. Louvain School of Management, Place de Doyens 1 bte L2.01.01, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;2. CORE & Louvain School of Management, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;1. Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;2. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia;1. Institute of the Built Environment and Spatial Policy, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland, 90-142 Łódź, Kopcińskiego St. 31, Poland;2. Graduate of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland |
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| Abstract: | This work investigates the energy factors for fuel conversion from the analysis of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) maps of a sample of 15 engines, representative of 75% of current models available in the Brazilian market. The method also employs the engine driving patterns of power output versus crankshaft speed obtained from bench dynamometer tests. The energy factors obtained from the engine analysis was validated against experiments carried out with two production vehicles in laboratory tests following the 1975 US Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75) procedure and road tests following 16 different urban and highway routes. The fuels used in the tests were hydrous ethanol (E100, 6 v/v % water) and a blend of 22 v/v % anhydrous ethanol and 78 v/v % gasoline (E22). The energy factors found from the 3D engine BSFC map analysis were higher than those obtained from the Willans line, currently adopted as a standard, by 52% for E22 and 57% for E100. The results from the 3D engine BFSC maps and the first vehicle following the FTP-75 cycle and 15 road routes were similar, also close to the results from the second vehicle, qualifying them to be representative of modern flexible fuel spark ignition engines and vehicles. |
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| Keywords: | Ethanol Energy factor Specific fuel consumption Willans line Spark ignition engines |
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