隧道及地下工程渗漏水诱发原因与防治对策

渗漏水防治是隧道及地下工程全寿命周期内必须面对的难点和挑战。为此，综述了隧道及地下工程渗漏水防治实践与研究的最新进展，探讨了渗漏水类型及诱发原因、服役期渗漏水检测方法及原理、设计施工阶段渗漏水预防的理念及技术措施、施工运营期渗漏水处治的内涵及方法，展望了值得重视的未来发展及研究方向。研究结果表明：隧道及地下工程渗漏水可按照渗漏水发生部位、形式、水量分为不同类型；渗漏水诱发原因极其繁杂，涉及水文地质条件、设计、施工、使用环境等多个方面；服役期渗漏水快速无损检测法的精度还有待提高，现阶段应与传统检测法相辅相成，其未来发展趋势为智能化、轻巧化和实时监控预警；渗漏水预防的核心在于防排水设计原则合理、防排水系统施工质量可靠、防水材料强度及耐久性满足要求；渗漏水处治的主要方法是注浆封堵，浆液扩散机理、注浆量及注浆厚度确定、浆液与水相互作用以及新型注浆材料研发等方面值得进一步研究。所得研究结论与展望对于隧道及地下工程渗漏水防治的实践和研究具有积极意义。

Prevention and Mitigation Methods for Water Leakage in Tunnels and Underground Structures

Water leakage in tunnels and underground structures is a challenging problem that must be carefully addressed at any stage of the life cycle of an underground structure or tunnel. In this article, recent advances in the prevention and mitigation of water leakage in tunnels and underground structures are reviewed with the intention of stimulating the study and application of newly developed and relevant techniques. First, the forms of water leakage and its causes are analyzed in detail. Second, traditional and innovative water leakage detection methods are critically reviewed. Third, some important waterproofing concepts and leakage mitigation measures are summarized. Finally, a discussion of the potential directions for future research on this topic is presented. Water leakage in tunnels and underground structures can be classified into many types according to the occurrence position of water leakage, form, and water content. The causes of water leakage are miscellaneous, involving aspects of hydrogeological conditions, design, construction, and service environment. The accuracy of the rapid nondestructive testing (RDT) method for water leakage must be further improved. At the present stage, this method should be combined with the conventional testing method. The future development trend for the RDT method may include intelligence, convenience, and real-time monitoring and warning. The core for the prevention of water leakage is proper principles of design for waterproofing and drainage, reliable construction quality for waterproofing systems, and satisfactory strength and durability of waterproofing material. The main method for mitigating water leakage is grouting. The grout diffusion mechanism, determination of grout amount and thickness, grout-water interaction, and new types of grouting material must be further investigated. The conclusions drawn and the discussion of potential future research provide a directional reference for research and engineering practices for the prevention and mitigation of water leakage in tunnels and underground structures.