Charging strategies for economic operations of electric vehicles in commercial applications |
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| Institution: | 1. Project Competence E, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;2. Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstraße 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany;1. KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Division of Energy Processes, Teknikringen 50, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, SE-583 30 Linköping, Sweden;3. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Political Science, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden;1. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Transport, Denmark;2. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Transport Research, Germany;3. Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Mobility Department, Dynamic Transportation Systems, Austria;1. University of Nis, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Nis, Serbia;2. Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 36, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia;3. University of Nis, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Carnojevica 10a, 18000 Nis, Serbia;4. Innovation Centre of Advanced Technologies, Bulevar Nikole Tesle 61, 18000 Nis, Serbia;1. University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;2. University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | When substituting conventional with electric vehicles (EV) a high annual mileage is desirable from an environmental as well as an economic perspective. However, there are still significant technological limitations that need to be taken into consideration. This study presents and discusses five different charging strategies for two mobility applications executed during an early stage long-term field test from 2013 to 2015 in Germany, which main objective was to increase the utilization within the existing technological restrictions. During the field test seven EV drove more than 450,000 km. For four out of five presented charging strategies the inclusion of DC fast charging is indispensable. Based on the empirical evidence five key performance indicators (KPI) are developed. These indicators give recommendations to economically deploy EV in commercial fleets. The results demonstrate that the more predictable the underlying mobility demand and the more technical information is available the better the charging strategies can be defined. Furthermore, the results indicate that a prudent mix of conventional and DC fast charging allows a high annual mileage while at the same time limiting avoidable harmful effects on the battery. |
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| Keywords: | Battery electric vehicles Charging strategies DC fast charging Key performance indicators |
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