Does urbanization lead to less energy use on road transport? Evidence from municipalities in Norway |
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| Institution: | 1. Deparment of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway, Teknologivn. 22, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway;2. Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway, Teknologivn 22, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7A, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;1. School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China;2. Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China;1. University of Western Ontario, Family Medicine, PHFM, 1151 Richmond St. London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada;2. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 2S1, Canada;3. University of Western Ontario, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, PHFM, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada;1. Harvard-China Project, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States;2. Department of Urban Planning and Design, Harvard University, United States;3. Urban Studies Program, New York University Shanghai, China;4. Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University, United States |
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| Abstract: | The relationship between urbanization, energy use, and CO2 emissions has been extensively studied in recent years, however little attention paid to the differences in urban forms. Previous studies implicitly assume that the urban form is homogenous across different urban areas. Such an assumption is questionable as urban form can have many different facets. This paper investigates the effects of urbanization on the road transport energy use by considering different urban forms from a dataset of 386 Norwegian municipalities from 2006 to 2009. Using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model with an energy use identity equation, the main findings (1) confirm the well-established result that urban density has a negative and significant influence on road transport energy use, and (2) demonstrate that the effect of urbanization partly depends on the level of urban density. These results imply that additional increases in urbanization in dense areas yield greater decreases in road transport energy use per capita. Additional findings posit that (3) there is a non-linear (quadratic) relationship between road energy use per capita and urban population. This implies that an increase in total municipality population over a specific turning point can result in a decrease in road energy use per capita. However, (4) the ratio of urban residential buildings with private gardens has a negative and significant influence on road transport energy use. This implies that there may be a trade-off between compact and sprawl city development strategies, highlighting that sustainable energy use requires further investigation. |
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| Keywords: | Dwelling type Norway Road energy use Urban density Urbanization |
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