Environmental analyses of land transportation systems in The Netherlands |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Planning, University of Groningen, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands;2. Center for Energy and Environmental Studies IVEM, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands;1. Division of Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia;2. Menzies School of Health Research, Corporate Services, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia;1. LEHNA (Laboratoire d''Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés), UMR CNRS 5023, École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat, 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69120 Vaulx-en-Velin, France;2. Cerema (Centre d''études et d''expertise sur les risques, l''environnement, la mobilité et l''aménagement), 48 rue Saint Théobald, F-38081 L’Isle d’Abeau, France;3. LTHE (Laboratoire d’étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement), Domaine universitaire, 1381 Rue de la piscine, 38400 Saint Martind’Hères, France;1. Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, Box␣32067, Boone, NC 28608, USA;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA;1. Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075;2. School of Graduate & Management - BCA Academy, 200, Braddell Road, Singapore 579700 |
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| Abstract: | Environmental analyses of the impact of transportation systems on the environment from the cradle to the grave are rare. This article makes a comparison of various Dutch passenger transportation systems by studying their complete life-cycle energy use. Moreover, systems are compared according to their use of space, costs and travel time. Although the results indicate that no one transportation system out performs others in all of the characteristics, in a multi-criteria analysis of four aspects, the train and bicycle emerge as superior options. This holds regardless of the travel distance considered. Interestingly, the train and bicycle are complementary systems, that together operate within a comprehensive distance range. |
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