Walking,cycling and the urban form: A Heckman selection model of active travel mode and distance by young adolescents |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, Aalto University P.O. Box 12200, FI- 00076 Aalto, Finland;2. School of Architecture, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 600, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland;1. CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Portugal;2. Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria;2. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Wesley University, Ondo, Nigeria;1. School of Urban and Regional Planning, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3;2. Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road N, South Building, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6;3. Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4;4. School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, DH Copp Building 4606, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3;1. Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6;2. School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6 |
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| Abstract: | Physical inactivity of children and adolescents is a major public health challenge of the modern era but, when adequately promoted and nurtured, active travel offers immediate health benefits and forms future sustainable and healthy travel habits. This study explores jointly the choice and the extent of active travel of young adolescents while considering walking and cycling as distinct travel forms, controlling for objective urban form measures, and taking both a “street-buffer” looking at the immediate home surroundings and a “transport-zone” looking at wider neighborhoods. A Heckman selection model represents the distance covered while cycling (walking) given the mode choice being bicycle (walk) for a representative sample of 10–15 year-olds from the Capital Region of Denmark extracted from the Danish national travel survey. Results illustrate the necessity of different urban environments for walking and cycling, as the former relates to “street-buffer” urban form measures and the latter also to “transport-zone ” ones. Results also show that lessening the amount and the density of car traffic, diminishing the movement of heavy vehicles in local streets, reducing the conflict points with the density of intersections, and intervening on crash frequency and severity, would increase the probability and the amount of active travel by young adolescents. Last, results indicate that zones in rural areas and at a higher percentage of immigrants are likely to have lower probability and amount of active travel by young adolescents. |
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| Keywords: | Active travel Travel distance Young adolescents Urban form Walking Cycling |
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