飞机驾驶舱自动化系统诱发的显性人为差错

对波音(Boeing)与空客(Airbus)2种飞机在降落阶段中驾驶舱自动化所诱发的显性人为差错进行对比分析。针对美国航空航天局(NASA)航空安全自愿报告系统(ASRS)收集的人为差错事件,结合内容分析法将定性的事件描述转换成定量数据,然后从专业角度对飞行员主动报告的事件原因进行分析,并推论事件发生的环境等因素。结果表明,空客在降落阶段所产生的与自动化系统有关的人为差错数量多于波音;但是就飞行机组决策与违规类型的差错而言,波音多于空客。同时,机组资源管理对2种机型飞行员的决策与技能型差错的发生并无显著影响。研究表明高科技的自动化系统能有效提升飞行安全,但也会衍生出新的人-机交互方面的人为差错问题。 

An Investigation of Automation Induced Active Failures in Flight Operations

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of active failures involving cockpit automation in the descent phase of flight.Since NASA′s Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)database provides a broad insight into the type of factors reported by flight crews,a piece of content analysis software is used to hone the search parameters to the prominently feature event components in the ASRS reports.It is determined that the study should focus on automa-tion/autopilot issues occurring in the descent phase of flights.Study results provide an insight into the effects of automa-tion related issues on flight crew.The key findings are that automation related events occurred more often on Airbus than Boeing aircrafts,while mechanical related events occurred more often on Boeing.Further,Boeing aircrafts are more likely to be involved in events where violations and decision errors occur.Crew Resource Management (interactions amongst the flight crew)is significantly unlikely to act as a precursor to skill-based and decision errors.Of the two manufacturers-Air-bus and Boeing-the results suggest that active failures are more likely to occur on Boeing aircrafts.The evidence,howev-er,indicates that automation is least likely to act as a precursor fault which results in active failures.