Numerical analysis of electric bus fast charging strategies for demand charge reduction |
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| Institution: | 1. Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida, 1679 Clearlake Rd, Cocoa, FL 32922, United States;2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States;1. McMaster Institute for Transportation and Logistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada;2. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada;1. Energy and Climate Studies Unit, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Integrated Transport Research Lab (ITRL), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden;3. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria |
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| Abstract: | Electric transit buses have been recognized as an important alternative to diesel buses with many environmental benefits. Electric buses employing lithium titanate batteries can provide uninterrupted transit service thanks to their ability of fast charging. However, fast charging may result in high demand charges which will increase the fuel costs thereby limiting the electric bus market penetration. In this paper, we simulated daily charging patterns and demand charges of a fleet of electric buses in Tallahassee, Florida and identified an optimal charging strategy to minimize demand charges. It was found that by using a charging threshold of 60–64%, a $160,848 total saving in electricity cost can be achieved for a five electric bus fleet, comparing to a charging threshold of 0–28%. In addition, the impact of fleet sizes on the fuel cost was investigated. Fleets of 4 and 12 buses will achieve the lowest cost per mile driven when one fast charger is installed. |
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| Keywords: | Electric bus Demand charge Lithium titanate Fast charging |
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