重大突发公共卫生事件下城市应急医疗物资优化调度研究

针对新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）疫情防控中应急医疗物资调度不尽合理、集配中心中转效率不够高等问题,重新设计了重大突发公共卫生事件下城市应急医疗物资调度与配送体系,并给出了应急医疗物资的分类方法。从医疗物资使用需求和库存估计可使用时间2个维度构建需求点紧急度指标,考虑突发公共卫生事件特征,以加权的需求满足率最大化为主要目标、车辆行驶距离最小化为次要目标,构建应急医疗物资动态分配模型,并通过算例验证了模型的有效性和可行性。结果表明：所构建的模型能够兼顾医疗物资分配的公平和效率,符合突发公共卫生事件中应急医疗物资供给和需求的动态变化特性,确保在物资短时间供给不足的情况下各需求点也能公平获取一定比例的物资;且模型仅要求各需求点上报各种品类医疗物资的使用人数和库存量,同时模型还给出数据缺失时的自动计算办法,可操作性更强;运用紧急度指标对需求满足率最大化目标进行校正,解决了各需求点因需求量差异对公平分配造成的影响,使得应急医疗物资分配更加合理。研究成果结合了新冠肺炎疫情防控中应急医疗物资调度的具体过程,使得分配模型更符合实际需要,可为城市应急医疗物资优化调度提供决策依据。

Optimal Matching of Urban Emergency Medical Supplies Under Major Public Health Events

To overcome the problems of unreasonable allocation of emergency medical supplies and low transfer efficiency of distribution centers in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in this study, the dispatching and distribution system of urban emergency medical supplies under major public health events was redesigned and a classification method for emergency medical supplies was developed. The urgency index of the demand point was constructed from the two dimensions of medical material use demand and inventory estimated usable time. Considering the characteristics of public health emergencies, a dynamic distribution model of emergency medical supplies was constructed with the maximization of weighted demand satisfaction rate as the main objective and minimum vehicle driving distance as the secondary objective. The effectiveness and feasibility of the model were verified by an actual example. The model can contribute to both fairness and efficiency of the distribution of medical supplies and is in accordance with the dynamic change characteristics of the supply and demand of emergency medical supplies in public health events to ensure that each demand point can reasonably obtain a certain proportion of materials in the case of a short supply of materials. Moreover, the model only requires each demand point to report the number of users and inventories of all types of medical supplies. The model also provides an automatic calculation method when data are missing, which is more operable. The maximum demand satisfaction rate is corrected using the emergency index, which addresses the impact of different demand points on the fair distribution and makes the distribution of emergency medical supplies more reasonable. The research result combines with the specific process of emergency medical supply dispatching in the prevention and control of COVID-19 so that the allocation model is in a better agreement with the actual needs, which can provide a decision-making basis for optimization of the allocation of urban emergency medical supplies.