国内外高速列车动力学评价标准综述

针对高速列车的动力学性能评价标准中所涉及的评价内容、评价方法、评价指标及限值展开综述，围绕蛇行运动稳定性、脱轨安全性和运行平稳性展开标准分析和对比，包括ISO系列、UIC系列、EN系列、TSI系列、FRA系列、APTA系列和中国国标等法律规范、行业标准、技术规范等，指出不足或改进建议; 对具有代表性的动力学标准进行详细对比，包括新旧版本国标《机车车辆动力学性能评定及试验鉴定规范》(GB/T 5599)、国际铁路联盟Testing and Approval of Railway Vehicles from the Point of View of Their Dynamic Behaviour—Safety—Track Fatigue—Running Behaviour (UIC 518)、俄罗斯Railway Multiple Units—Durability and Dynamics Requirements (GOST/R 55495)等; 对北美FRA和APTA系列标准规定的理想轨道激励下动态响应、准静态性能评价方法等进行应用示范。研究结果表明：蛇行运动稳定性均通过构架横向加速度、构架力或轮轨力进行评判，而数值仿真、台架和线路试验需选择对应适用的方法; 结合现阶段中国高速列车的长期服役动力学性能，若列车以400 km·h^-1及以上速度运行时，建议加速度滤波带宽仍采用0.5~10.0 Hz，幅值限值建议7 Hz以内为8 m·s^-2，而7~9 Hz放宽至10 m·s^-2，并持续10次、2 s或100 m; 针对爬轨脱轨安全性评估，现有标准均基于轮轨力和车轮抬升量进行动态和静态评判，但在指标限值、持续作用时间或运行距离上存在差异，建议采用车轮脱轨系数和轮重减载率的联合评判方法; 新版GB/T 5599删除了倾覆系数和轮轨横向力指标，放宽了轮重减载率限值，轮轴横向力限值维持不变; GOST/R 55495评价方法不区分车辆类型，采用构架力而非轮轨力对运行安全性进行评价，横垂向平稳性指标计算时采用相同的频域加权，且低频段加权带宽及幅值显著比GB/T 5599大，不对平稳性指标进行分级评价; 复兴号CR400BF动车组的运行安全性指标和平稳性指标同时满足GB/T 5599和GOST/R 55495标准要求; 采用北美标准对某160 km·h^-1客车进行理想轨道激励下动态响应分析，8类不平顺激扰中的重复高低和单次高低不平顺工况较为恶劣，6个评价指标中的轮重减载率和车体垂向加速度容易超限。

Review on domestic and foreign dynamics evaluation criteria of high-speed train

The evaluation content, evaluation method, evaluation index and limit value involved in the dynamics performance assessment criteria were reviewed for high-speed trains. The criteria analysis and their comparisons were carried out regarding of hunting motion stability, derailment safety and ride quality, including legal documents, industry standards and technical specifications, for instance, ISO series, UIC series, EN series, TSI series, FRA series, APTA series and GB series standards, etc. Deficiencies or suggestions for improvement were pointed out. Detailed comparison among representative dynamics criteria were carried out, including new and old versions of the national standard Specification for Dynamic Performance Assessment and Testing Verification of Rolling Stock (GB/T 5599), the International Railway Union Testing and Approval of Railway Vehicles from the Point of View of Their Dynamic Behaviour—Safety—Track Fatigue—Ride Quality (UIC 518), and the Russian Railway Multiple Units—Durability and Dynamics Requirements (GOST/R 55495), etc. Applications of the dynamic response and quasi-static performance evaluation criteria under ideal track excitations specified by the North American FRA series and APTA series were demonstrated. Analysis result shows that the hunting motion stability is evaluated by the lateral acceleration of frame, frame force or the wheel/rail force, while the suitable method should be selected for the numerical simulation, bench test and on-track test. Regarding the long-term service dynamics performance of high-speed trains in China, it is recommended to set the frequency bandwidth of filtering as 0.5-10.0 Hz, the amplitude limit as 8 m·s-2 below 7 Hz and 10 m·s-2 for 7-9 Hz, the continuous over-limit times as 10 times, 2 s or 100 m in case of the high-speed trains are operated at 400 km·h-1 and above. For the safety assessment of rail climbing derailment, the existing standards are based on the wheel/rail force and wheel lift for dynamic and static evaluations, but there are differences in the index limit, time duration or running distance of action. It is recommended to use the derailment coefficient and wheel unloading coefficient to form a joint evaluation method. The new version of GB/T 5599 deletes the overturning coefficient and wheel/rail lateral force indicators, relaxes the limit of wheel unloading coefficient, and remains the wheel/axle lateral force limit unchanged. The evaluation method of GOST/R 55495 does not distinguish the vehicle types, and uses the frame force instead of wheel/rail force to evaluate the operational safety. A same frequency weighting is used for the calculation of lateral and vertical ride quality index, and the weighting bandwidth as well as the amplitude of low frequency band are significantly larger than that of GB/T 5599. GOST/R 55495 does not grade the ride quality index. The operational safety index and ride quality index of CR400BF Fuxing high-speed train both meet the requirements of GB/T 5599 and GOST/R 55495. The North American criterion was employed to analyze the dynamic response of a 160 km·h-1 passenger car under ideal track excitations. Among the eight types of irregularities, the repeated surface irregularities and single surface irregularities are relatively harsh. Among the six evaluation indicators, the wheel unloading coefficient and the vertical acceleration of car body easily exceed the limits. 9 tabs, 22 figs, 67 refs.