车钩缓冲装置对轨道列车碰撞安全性的影响综述

从轨道列车车钩缓冲装置功能和失效原理、分类和标准、理论和应用与列车整体碰撞响应4个方面，梳理了近20年车钩缓冲装置在列车碰撞领域的研究方法和研究成果，总结了4个方面研究的优缺点与未来亟待解决的问题；从列车碰撞动力学的角度，阐述了车钩缓冲装置在列车碰撞中的作用，及其在车辆系统整体设计中的地位；基于欧盟、美国、日本与中国列车耐撞性和强度标准，介绍了车钩缓冲装置的子部件组成；从车钩缓冲装置理论模型在列车碰撞动力学模型和有限元模型的应用剖析其演化过程；基于当前国内外车钩缓冲装置的研究现状，指出未来轨道列车车钩缓冲装置的研究趋势和发展目标。研究结果表明：车钩缓冲装置是列车多级吸能系统中重要组成部分之一，需针对不同车钩缓冲装置类型建立不同的力学模型，准确反映缓冲器的非线性迟滞特性和压溃管的压溃吸能特性，以及车钩的运动关系；在国内外现行标准中，仅规定了车钩缓冲装置的静强度指标，且仅有货车车辆缓冲器的详细界定，缺乏中高速轨道车辆的车钩缓冲装置在动态场景下的载荷指标、能量上限等标准规范；胶泥、气液缓冲器具有比摩擦式缓冲器更好的碰撞力学性能，但其复杂的非线性特性描述依赖于准确的数学模型和试验，目前尚未对车钩缓冲装置数学模型的横向、垂向动态特性进行详细研究；应结合试验，加强研究车辆运行和碰撞过程中车钩缓冲装置的触发和失效稳定性，及其对列车纵向撞击响应的影响；中低速下较大的车钩缓冲装置刚度会导致非正常的垂向和横向响应，不同速度等级下车钩缓冲装置的力学特性和初始姿态对车辆碰撞机理的影响较大。

Review on influence of coupler and draft gear on safety of railway train collision

The research methodologies and results of coupler and draft gear in the field of train collisions in last 20 years were reviewed from four specific aspects of coupler and draft gears in train: function and failure mechanisms, classifications and standards, theories and applications, and train collision responses. The strengths, weaknesses, and future problems to be solved of these four studies were summarized. The role of coupler and draft gear in train collisions, as well as its position in the overall design of vehicle system, was discussed from the perspective of kinematic theory of train collisions. The compositions of sub-components of coupler and draft gear were introduced based on the crashworthiness and strength standards of trains in European Union, the United States, Japan, and China.The evolution of the theoretical model of coupler and draft gear was analyzed from its application in train collision dynamics model and finite element model.Research trends and development goals of coupler and draft gear were described based on the current state of coupler and draft gear worldwide. Research results show that coupler and draft gear is one of the important components in the multistage energy-absorption systems of trains. It is necessary to establish different mechanical models for different types of coupler and draft gears to accurately reflect the nonlinear hysteresis characteristics of the buffer, the energy absorption characteristics of the collapse pipe, and the dynamic characteristics of coupler and draft gear during collision. The coupler draft gear standards that currently exist in China and abroad only specify the static strength indices for coupler draft gears and only provide detailed specifications for freight-car coupler draft gears. The standardized load indicators and energy limits for the coupler and draft gear are scarce of high-speed trains in dynamic scenarios. Although elastomer and gas-liquid buffers have better mechanical collision properties than friction buffers, their complex nonlinear characteristics depend on accurate mathematical models and tests. At present, the transverse and vertical dynamic characteristics of the mathematical model of coupler and draft are yet to be formulated in details.Tests should be used to strengthen studies on the activation and failure stability of coupler and draft gears in train-operation and train-collision processes, as well as their effects on the longitudinal collision response of train cars.High stiffness levels in coupler and draft gear can lead to abnormal vertical and horizontal responses at low and medium speeds.The mechanical properties and initial attitudes of coupler and draft gears at different speed levels have great influence on vehicle collision mechanism. 2 tabs, 17 figs, 91 refs.