The implications of school choice on travel behavior and environmental emissions |
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| Institution: | 1. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;2. Active Communities Transportation Research Group, Department of Planning and Design, University of Colorado, Campus Box 126, PO Box 173364, Denver, Colorado 80217-3364, USA;1. Faculty of Health-School of Kinesiology & Health Science York University, Norman Bethune College, 4700 Keele St., Room 337 Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;2. Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada;3. Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, SB3104, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;1. School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand;2. Centre for Diet & Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK;3. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;4. SHORE and Whāriki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand;5. School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;6. School of Nursing, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;1. Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia;2. Vietnam Aviation Academy, 104, Nguyen Van Troi Street, Phu Nhuan District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam;1. Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, BD9 6RJ, Bradford, UK;2. Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;3. Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK;4. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK;5. School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;1. Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, Aalto University P.O. Box 12200, FI- 00076 Aalto, Finland;2. School of Architecture, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 600, FI- 33101 Tampere, Finland |
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| Abstract: | We examine the implications of school choice on walkability, school travel mode and overall environmental emissions. In developing this proof-of-concept model we show—and quantify—differences between city-wide schools and their neighborhood school counterpart. Our analysis demonstrates how children attending city-wide schools may have heightened travel distance, greenhouse gas emissions, and exposure to bus fumes. Using available data along with a series of informed assumptions we figure the city-wide school had six times fewer children walking, 4.5 times as many miles traveled, 4.5 times the system cost, and 3–4.5 times the amount of criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. By providing bus service, the overall miles traveled (and resulting emissions) decreased 30–40% compared to the scenario without bus service, however system costs were higher for both the neighborhood and city-wide school (no pollution externality costs were factored in). |
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