Assessment of antenna characteristic effects on pedestrian and cyclists travel-time estimation based on Bluetooth and WiFi MAC addresses |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University, Six Metrotech Center, 4th Floor, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Memphis, 3815 Central Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, United States;2. Tennessee Department of Transportation, Nashville, TN 37243, United States;3. Intermodal Freight Transportation Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States;1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;2. Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;3. London Metropolitan University, Center for Communications Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London N7 8DB, UK;4. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;2. School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;3. School of Electronic Information and Control Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;5. Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;1. Vision Lab, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States;2. TRANSP-OR, School of Architecture, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;3. LTS2, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Monitoring pedestrian and cyclists movement is an important area of research in transport, crowd safety, urban design and human behaviour assessment areas. Media Access Control (MAC) address data has been recently used as potential information for extracting features from people’s movement. MAC addresses are unique identifiers of WiFi and Bluetooth wireless technologies in smart electronics devices such as mobile phones, laptops and tablets. The unique number of each WiFi and Bluetooth MAC address can be captured and stored by MAC address scanners. MAC addresses data in fact allows for unannounced, non-participatory, and tracking of people. The use of MAC data for tracking people has been focused recently for applying in mass events, shopping centres, airports, train stations, etc. In terms of travel time estimation, setting up a scanner with a big value of antenna’s gain is usually recommended for highways and main roads to track vehicle’s movements, whereas big gains can have some drawbacks in case of pedestrian and cyclists. Pedestrian and cyclists mainly move in built distinctions and city pathways where there is significant noises from other fixed WiFi and Bluetooth. Big antenna’s gains will cover wide areas that results in scanning more samples from pedestrians and cyclists’ MAC device. However, anomalies (such fixed devices) may be captured that increase the complexity and processing time of data analysis. On the other hand, small gain antennas will have lesser anomalies in the data but at the cost of lower overall sample size of pedestrian and cyclist’s data. This paper studies the effect of antenna characteristics on MAC address data in terms of travel-time estimation for pedestrians and cyclists. The results of the empirical case study compare the effects of small and big antenna gains in order to suggest optimal set up for increasing the accuracy of pedestrians and cyclists’ travel-time estimation. |
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| Keywords: | Pedestrians Cyclists Transport MAC address Antenna characteristics Bluetooth MAC scanner WiFi MAC scanner |
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