碳排放控制的国际比较及经验借鉴

碳排放的增长是影响人类生存环境的重要问题，控制碳排放已成为全球共识。本文基于国际比较的视角，选取已实现碳达峰的部分国家为研究对象，从不同发展阶段剖析碳排放的演变规律，从经济发展、能源结构及产业结构维度对比各国实现碳达峰前后的社会经济变化规律，分析各国碳达峰后的减排效果及路径。研究表明，通常情况下，碳排放强度达峰早于碳排放总量达峰，碳排放与经济发展的关系普遍存在由相互依赖到弱脱钩再到强脱钩的阶段性变化规律；碳达峰后，出现经济增长趋缓，化石能源占比下降及第三产业比重上升的趋势，年均减排速度在1.6%左右。目前，我国社会经济发展水平与碳达峰国家还有一定差距，碳达峰与碳中和时间间隔短，减排任务与难度更大，应借鉴已达峰国家经验，优化产业结构，促进燃料及能源结构变革，培育社会低碳意识，坚持走绿色可持续发展道路。

International Comparison and Experiences ofCarbon Emission Control

The growth of carbon emissions is a significant issue that affect the living environment of human beings. Ithas become a global consensus to control carbon emissions. Through an international comparison, this paper selectedseveral countries that have achieved the carbon peak as the research objects to analyze the different developmentalstages of the evolution law of carbon emissions. Then, it compares the changes before and after the carbon peak fromthe dimensions of economic development, energy structure, and industrial structure. The study also analyzes theemission reduction efficiency and development path after the carbon peak in these countries. The results show that,generally, the peak of carbon emission intensity is earlier than the peak of total carbon emission, and the relationshipbetween carbon emission and economic development generally has periodic changes from "interdependence" to "weakdecoupling" and then to "strong decoupling". After the carbon peak, economic growth slowed down, the proportion offossil energy declined and the proportion of the tertiary industry increased, with an average annual emission reductionrate of about 1.6%. At present, China's social economic level still has a certain gap with carbon peak countries. Thetime interval between carbon peak and carbon neutralization is short, and the task of emission reduction is moredifficult. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the experience of countries that have reached the peak, optimize theindustrial structure, promote the transformation of fuel and energy structure, cultivate the low- carbon awareness ofsociety, and adhere to the path of green and sustainable development.