基于NMPC的智能汽车纵横向综合轨迹跟踪控制

本文中针对大曲率转弯工况下,智能汽车纵横向动力学特性的耦合和动力学约束导致轨迹跟踪精度和稳定性下降的问题,提出一种基于非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)的纵横向综合轨迹跟踪控制方法,通过NMPC和障碍函数法(BM)的有效结合,提高了跟踪精度,改善了行驶稳定性。首先建立四轮驱动-前轮转向智能汽车动力学模型和轨迹跟踪模型,采用非线性模型预测控制计算出期望的纵向力、侧向力和横摆力矩;然后基于轮胎动力学模型建立带约束的非线性规划数学模型,利用障碍函数法求解出四轮轮胎力的最优分配,并最终实现四轮驱动智能汽车纵横向综合轨迹跟踪控制。最后进行Carsim和Simulink联合仿真,结果表明,与传统的预瞄PID控制相比,所提方法可在考虑纵横向动力学耦合的情况下明显改善跟踪精度和行驶稳定性。     

基于MPC的四轮转向车爆胎稳定性控制

四轮独立转向驱动汽车相比传统车辆具有更多控制自由度,具备在高曲率跟踪精度好,低附着路面操纵稳定性优越的特点。本文针对车辆在轨迹跟踪中所面对的低附着、爆胎等紧急工况,本研究采用模型预测控制理论,针对四轮转向电动汽车的横摆稳定性问题进行了探究。以横摆角速度和横向误差为控制目标,计算出最优四轮转角和直接横摆力矩,下层采用最优转矩分配并考虑轮胎摩擦圆约束,以实现对四轮驱动电动汽车的稳定性控制。在CarSim/Simulink联合仿真整车模型中,采用参数化建模设置整车参数。通过双移线爆胎工况仿真实验分析,所提出的策略能够有效地提高四轮驱动电动汽车的轨迹跟踪精度,从而提高整车的行驶稳定性。     

基于预测控制的车辆稳定性研究

设计了以2自由度车辆模型为预测内部模型、以补偿车辆横摆力矩为输出的汽车ESP预测控制器,并结合Matlab/Simulink建立的7自由度整车模型对所设计预测控制器进行了转向阶跃输入和正弦输入的仿真分析。结果表明,该预测控制器能很好控制汽车的横摆角速度和限制质心侧偏角,提高了汽车在高速转向工况下的稳定性,进而验证了所建模型的合理性和控制算法的有效性。     

车辆动力学控制系统横摆力矩控制方法

车辆动力学控制系统(VDC)通过对车辆施加主动横摆力矩来改善车辆高速时的操纵稳定性,可有效避免侧滑等交通事故,研究其横摆力矩控制方法是当前车辆动力学领域的热点。在研究先进控制理论的基础上,分别设计了用于VDC系统的鲁棒、模糊和智能积分模糊PID控制器,并将它们和车辆系统模型联接进行了系统仿真,对比分析了3种控制器的控制特点与控制效果。仿真结果表明,鲁棒、模糊和智能积分模糊PID控制方法都能实现有效的横摆力矩控制,且有各自的特点。智能积分模糊PID控制效果更为理想,该方法应用于VDC控制具有很好的前景。智能积分降低了积分功能的副作用,进一步提升了模糊PID的控制效果。仿真工作为进一步将智能积分模糊PID应用于VDC系统样机开发提供了参考。     

基于自适应模糊PI的汽车直接摆力矩控制研究

针对汽车直接横摆力矩控制,论文研究了基于自适应模糊PI的控制方法。设计了基于自适应模糊PI的附加横摆力矩决策控制器和基于规则分配的制动力分配器。横摆力矩决策控制器根据汽车横摆角速度期望值和车辆状态决策出所需的附加横摆力矩,通过规则制动力分配方法进行主动差动制动实现,并采用Matlab/Simulink与CarSim联合仿真对控制方法进行仿真试验验证。结果表明:基于自适应模糊PI的横摆力矩控制方法相对于未控制能够使汽车较好地跟踪期望,有效提高汽车操纵稳定性。     

四轮独立驱动电动汽车路径跟踪鲁棒控制EI北大核心CSCD

针对四轮独立驱动电动汽车具有结构参数、外部干扰不确定性与非线性和过驱动等特征,提出了一种分层控制框架,以实现前轮转向与直接横摆力矩控制系统协同的车辆路径跟踪控制。首先,基于路径跟踪运动学模型,将车辆的路径跟踪问题转化为约束跟随问题;其次,设计了基于约束跟随的自适应鲁棒上层控制算法,该方法可以有效处理由模型不确定性和外部干扰引起的失配问题,并保证闭环系统的一致有界性和一致最终有界性;最后,设计了一种基于二次规划的下层分配算法满足所需的直接横摆力矩,并在Simulink-Carsim平台进行联合仿真。通过不同工况的仿真结果表明,所设计的自适应鲁棒控制算法具有良好的路径跟踪精度和鲁棒性。     

基于模型预测控制的分布式电动车稳定性控制

基于CarSim/Simulink建立分布式电动车的整车动力学模型,同时建立2自由度的参考模型,用于求解车辆行驶时的期望横摆角速度及质心侧偏角以保持车辆行驶稳定性。同时,基于模型预测控制设计控制器,通过改变驱动轮转矩,获得附加横摆力矩,实现对车辆横摆角速度及质心侧偏角的控制。通过仿真试验,在前轮转角阶跃输入及正弦输入两种工况下,验证控制方法的有效性。     

基于强化学习的智能车辆路径跟踪变参数MPC多目标控制

为了解决智能车辆在工况变化时跟踪精度下降和稳定性变差的问题,提出基于强化学习的变参数模型预测控制(MPC)算法多目标控制策略,实现智能车辆路径跟踪控制系统的参数自适应整定。基于车辆动力学模型设计其线性时变MPC控制器,获得最优前轮转向角和附加横摆力矩。基于Actor-Critic强化学习架构,设计进行控制参数整定的深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)智能体和双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(TD3)智能体,构造以跟踪精度和稳定性为目标的收益函数,并搭建对接工况和变曲率工况2种典型仿真场景进行算法性能验证,当车辆处于对接工况时,根据路面附着系数的变化及时调整控制器的预测时域和权重矩阵;当车辆处于变曲率工况下时,针对道路曲率变化及时调整控制器的预测时域和权重矩阵。通过MATLAB/SimuLink、CarSim和Python联合仿真分析,将强化学习方法参数整定MPC与固定参数MPC和模糊控制方法参数整定MPC进行对比,结果表明：强化学习方法更能够在保证车辆安全性的前提下,尽可能提高智能车辆在不同路面条件下的路径跟踪精度。在对接工况下,强化学习方法参数整定MPC相较于固定参数MPC和模糊控制方法参数整定M...     

基于 MPC 的分布式驱动越野车辆原地转向控制研究

针对轮毂电机分布式驱动越野车辆在狭小空间快速机动的需求，设计了一种分层结构的原地转向控制策略。基于动力学原理分析了各轮载荷、附着条件对原地转向横摆速度的影响机理，并搭建原地转向运动学模型，上层采用模型预测控制算法设计原地转向理想轨迹以及期望的横摆角速度，开发基于 PI滑模控制的横摆运动跟踪算法，通过补偿转向横摆力矩以提高方向角控制的鲁棒性和稳定性，下层以最优轮胎利用率为目标，设计二次规划算法优化分配各轮附加横摆力矩。dSPACE 硬件在环测试结果表明，所提出的控制算法可在保证稳定性的前提下实现原地转向，大幅提高了车辆的转向机动性，在方向盘动态输入仿真中，车辆最大转弯半径为 0.157 m，转向中心的最大偏移量为 3.610 m；同时，驾驶员能对转向过程进行闭环控制，实现了原地转向过程中横摆速度的实时调节。     

基于多参数控制的分布式驱动电动汽车操纵稳定性控制策略研究

为改善高速低附着路面上的车辆动力学性能，本文针对分布式驱动电动汽车提出一种基于多参数控制的操纵稳定性控制策略，包括上层轨迹跟踪控制和下层转矩分配控制。上层控制器设计基于2自由度车辆模型和驾驶员预瞄偏差模型，提出了MPC轨迹跟踪控制策略，实现对侧向偏差、横摆角偏差、质心侧偏角、横摆角速度的多参数控制。下层控制器以轮胎负荷率最小为优化目标，获得4个车轮电机转矩的最优分配量，借助于7自由度动力学模型，在双移线、蛇行工况下完成了CarSim-Simulink联合仿真。结果表明：提出的控制策略改善了高速、低附着工况下的操纵稳定性和轨迹跟踪精度。     

Vehicle stability control system for enhancing steerabilty,lateral stability,and roll stability

The Vehicle stability control system is an active safety system designed to prevent accidents from occurring and to stabilize dynamic maneuvers of a vehicle by generating an artificial yaw moment using differential brakes. In this paper, in order to enhance vehicle steerability, lateral stability, and roll stability, each reference yaw rate is designed and combined into a target yaw rate depending on the driving situation. A yaw rate controller is designed to track the target yaw rate based on sliding mode control theory. To generate the total yaw moment required from the proposed yaw rate controller, each brake pressure is properly distributed with effective control wheel decision. Estimators are developed to identify the roll angle and body sideslip angle of a vehicle based on the simplified roll dynamics model and parameter adaptation approach. The performance of the proposed vehicle stability control system and estimation algorithms is verified with simulation results and experimental results.     

基于主动制动的半挂汽车列车横摆稳定性控制

为研究半挂汽车列车在高速大转向等极限操作工况下的横摆稳定性控制问题,建立了14自由度的半挂汽车列车非线性仿真模型;提出了牵引车与半挂车独立直接横摆力矩控制的横摆稳定性控制方案,通过牵引车和半挂车车轮的合理选择和主动制动实现横摆控制;以跟踪参考模型的稳态横摆响应为目标,设计了PI横摆稳定性控制器,对牵引车和半挂车分别设计了目标制动车轮的选择决策规则。单移线操作仿真结果表明,基于主动制动的横摆力矩控制可有效改善极限工况下半挂汽车列车的横摆稳定性,牵引车与半挂车进行独立横摆控制可以减小制动车轮选择决策的复杂性,而获得较好的控制效果。     

基于变权重系数的分布式驱动无人车轨迹跟踪

为了提高分布式无人车轨迹跟踪的精度，提出了基于自主与差动协调转向控制的轨迹跟踪方法。首先，在车辆三自由度模型基础上，基于模型预测控制（MPC）实时计算前轮转角以控制车辆进行自主转向轨迹跟踪。在此过程中，为了提高自主转向下车辆的轨迹跟踪精度与行驶的稳定性，考虑多种因素，利用经验公式及神经网络控制对MPC的预瞄步数和预瞄步长进行多参数调整，实现预瞄时间的自适应控制。其次，在恒转矩需求的情况下，以轨迹偏差为PID控制器的输入及左右轮毂电机转矩为输出进行差动转向控制，实现了差动转向下的轨迹跟踪控制。然后，通过设置权重系数的方法将自主与差动转向相结合。考虑到车辆横纵向动力学因素，采用模糊控制及经验公式对权重系数进行了调整，从而在提高车辆转向灵活性与轨迹跟踪效果的同时保证车辆行驶的稳定性。CarSim与Simulink联合仿真以及实车试验结果表明：与自主转向轨迹跟踪相比，采用变权重系数的协调控制可以在不同的工况下提高车辆的转向灵活性与轨迹跟踪的精度，轨迹跟踪偏差的均方根值改善率达到了11%。所提出的协调转向控制方法可为分布式驱动车辆转向灵活性的提高及轨迹跟踪精度的改善提供一种新的思路。     

Chassis integrated control for active suspension,active front steering and direct yaw moment systems using hierarchical strategy

This paper proposes a novel integrated controller with three-layer hierarchical structure to coordinate the interactions among active suspension system (ASS), active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC). First of all, a 14-degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle dynamic model is constructed. Then, an upper layer is designed to calculate the total corrected moment for ASS and intermediate layer based on linear moment distribution. By considering the working regions of the AFS and DYC, the intermediate layer is functionalised to determine the trigger signal for the lower layer with corresponding weights. The lower layer is utilised to separately trace the desired value of each local controller and achieve the local control objectives of each subsystem. Simulation results show that the proposed three-layer hierarchical structure is effective in handling the working region of the AFS and DYC, while the quasi-experimental result shows that the proposed integrated controller is able to improve the lateral and vertical dynamics of the vehicle effectively as compared with a conventional electronic stability controller.     

A novel vehicle dynamics stability control algorithm based on the hierarchical strategy with constrain of nonlinear tyre forces

Direct yaw moment control (DYC), which differentially brakes the wheels to produce a yaw moment for the vehicle stability in a steering process, is an important part of electric stability control system. In this field, most control methods utilise the active brake pressure with a feedback controller to adjust the braked wheel. However, the method might lead to a control delay or overshoot because of the lack of a quantitative project relationship between target values from the upper stability controller to the lower pressure controller. Meanwhile, the stability controller usually ignores the implementing ability of the tyre forces, which might be restrained by the combined-slip dynamics of the tyre. Therefore, a novel control algorithm of DYC based on the hierarchical control strategy is brought forward in this paper. As for the upper controller, a correctional linear quadratic regulator, which not only contains feedback control but also contains feed forward control, is introduced to deduce the object of the stability yaw moment in order to guarantee the yaw rate and side-slip angle stability. As for the medium and lower controller, the quantitative relationship between the vehicle stability object and the target tyre forces of controlled wheels is proposed to achieve smooth control performance based on a combined-slip tyre model. The simulations with the hardware-in-the-loop platform validate that the proposed algorithm can improve the stability of the vehicle effectively.     

On the Experimental Analysis of Integral Sliding Modes for Yaw Rate and Sideslip Control of an Electric Vehicle with Multiple Motors

With the advent of electric vehicles with multiple motors, the steady-state and transient cornering responses can be designed and implemented through the continuous torque control of the individual wheels, i.e., torque-vectoring or direct yaw moment control. The literature includes several papers on sliding mode control theory for torque-vectoring, but the experimental investigation is so far limited. More importantly, to the knowledge of the authors, the experimental comparison of direct yaw moment control based on sliding modes and typical controllers used for stability control in production vehicles is missing. This paper aims to reduce this gap by presenting and analyzing an integral sliding mode controller for concurrent yaw rate and sideslip control. A new driving mode, the Enhanced Sport mode, is proposed, inducing sustained high values of sideslip angle, which can be limited to a specified threshold. The system is experimentally assessed on a four-wheel-drive electric vehicle. The performance of the integral sliding mode controller is compared with that of a linear quadratic regulator during step steer tests. The results show that the integral sliding mode controller significantly enhances the tracking performance and yaw damping compared to the more conventional linear quadratic regulator based on an augmented singletrack vehicle model formulation.     

A novel direct yaw moment controller for in-wheel motor electric vehicles

A novel direct yaw moment controller is developed in this paper. A hierarchical control architecture is adopted in the controller design. In the upper controller, a driver model and a vehicle model are used to obtain the driver's intention and the vehicle states, respectively. The upper controller determines the desired yaw moment by means of sliding mode control. The lower controller distributes differential longitudinal forces according to the desired yaw moment. A nonlinear tyre model, ‘UniTire’, is utilised to develop the novel distribution strategy and the control boundary.     

FSAC赛车轨迹跟踪协同控制策略研究

针对中国大学生方程式赛车 （FSAC） 在比赛中横向-纵向协同控制的轨迹跟踪精度和稳定性问题，根据现代控制理论和经典控制理论提出一种以纵向速度为结合点的线性二次控制器 （LQR） 和比例-积分-微分算法 （PID） 的横纵向协同控制策略，并根据赛车相对参考轨迹的位置设计了一种协同控制器。建立二自由度车辆动力学模型，基于该模型设计了横向LQR位置跟踪控制器和纵向PID速度跟踪控制器。所设计的控制策略在CarSim和Simulink搭建的循迹工况联合仿真场景下进行仿真验证，仿真结果为纵向位置偏差小于0.07 m，横向位置偏差小于0.03 m。对控制算法进行实车验证，结果表明，该策略有效提高了赛车的轨迹跟踪精度和行驶稳定性。