Safety Characteristics of Two-lane Highway Sections Passing through Towns/villages in Mountainous Area Based on Negative Binomial Prediction Model

针对我国交通事故呈现出的在公路穿村镇路段聚集的趋势,在某山岭地形区域进行了双车道公路的交通事故、交通组成、道路和路侧等因素的大量数据采集,并对公路穿村镇路段的整体安全特性进行了分析,采用负二项模型等事故预测模型和相关检验理论对模型形式,以及公路穿村镇路段全部事故和追尾、碰撞、路侧等不同形态的事故规律特性进行了深入分析.研究结果发现,公路穿村镇路段的事故时空分布呈一定规律性;交通量、混杂率和道路横坡度为影响公路穿村镇路段交通安全的3个显著因素,且均呈正向影响.     

公路穿村镇路段速度管理设施设置位置研究

针对公路穿村镇路段复杂的交通环境,车辆行驶从安全和舒适角度需要更好地缓冲处理和减少速度突变的情况,分析了限速标志和减速标线等速度管理措施的合理设施位置,并进行了实例分析,以期提高公路穿村镇车辆行驶速度的一致性,从而达到提高安全性的目的。     

穿村镇公路交叉口合理间距探讨

为解决穿村镇公路由于交叉口频密造成的交通安全问题,以北京琉辛路密云县不老屯路段为例,根据驾驶员连续驾驶模型理论,以驾驶员的心生理特性为切人点,研究穿村镇公路村镇路段内交叉口的合理间距,获得在限速60 km/h的穿村镇公路上,交叉口的合理间距至少为150 m的结论,并利用模拟驾驶实验测得驾驶员的心生理数据加以验证.认为合...     

平原区四车道无中间分隔带公路事故预测模型研究

针对平原区四车道无中间分隔带公路,借用事故预测模型技术研究其安全特征和规律.基于该类公路安全的定性和定量分析,确定了普通路段、村庄路段、交叉口路段的分段方案,并加强了对货车等车型构成的考虑.建模结果中,交通量、自然交通量中货车比例、第一层路侧危险度、竖曲线弯曲度、横坡度、路面宽度对普通路段,交通量、折算交通量中货车比例、第一层路侧危险度对交叉口路段,交通量、加权的横坡度、路基宽度等对村庄路段的事故有显著影响.最后进行了实例分析.     

山区双车道公路事故预测模型研究及在安全性评价中的应用

根据采集的双车道公路的事故、线形、交通等数据,考虑公路横向干扰、路侧情况等,将双车道公路划分为普通路段、村庄路段和交叉口,分别建立了事故总数、一般以上事故次数以及碰撞、追尾和路侧等不同形态的事故次数与道路和交通要素关系的双车道公路事故预测基础模型.然后,应用统计分析方法进行了路基宽度等事故修正因子(AMF)的研究;使用基础模型经过AMF修正、经验贝叶斯过程(EB过程)、标定等进行双车道公路机体事故预测.最后,介绍了双车道公路事故预测模型在安全性评价中的应用.     

国省干线公路危险路段综合处治对策研究

通过对国省干线公路进行调研,依据急弯路段、长大下坡等危险路段判断标准,分析了急弯、长大下坡、村镇、学校、平面交叉口、隧道等路段的交通安全隐患并提出了具体的综合处治对策,为改善国省干线公路交通安全提供参考。     

我国双车道公路普通路段路侧事故预测模型研究

针对双车道公路路侧事故的各种影响因素,建立适合我国国情的双车道公路路侧事故预测模型,探索双车道公路路侧事故的分布规律。研究中根据我国双车道公路两侧用地情况,把公路划分为普通路段、村庄路段和交叉口路段,并对普通路段进行了路侧事故预测模型研究,主要内容包括普通路段的划分、路侧事故的定义、路侧危险度的划分、模型的结果自检验以及应用检验等等。研究结果表明交通量、货车比例、平曲线用长度加权的弯曲度、所在地域对路侧事故率的高低有较大影响,模型验证结果表明路侧事故预测值和实际值呈现一致性。     

乡村地区道路交通安全设计研究

乡村道路交通系统设计安全隐患突出,县乡道交通事故频发,成为美丽乡村大规模建设的短板。从乡村交通需求特性出发,结合乡村交通设施现状,剖析乡村交通安全事故的根源。针对村庄交通对外衔接、路段交叉口设计及交通设施设置进行研究,提出通过设置辅路、渐变段,交叉口渠化及交叉口旋扭法等改造手段,并结合实例提出不用路段的交通设施优化措施。乡村交通应在“通达”的同时,加强交通设计及设施配套,补齐乡村交通安全短板,助力美好乡村建设。     

基于Logistic模型的双车道公路事故易发路段预测研究

事故易发路段的判别是安全管理的重要内容之一。传统的事故易发路段判别方法多应用于运营阶段的公路,其判别精度很大程度决定于历史事故记录的周期和质量,且受"回归到平均"等现象的影响。对于实际的安全管理工作,预先对某一对象成为事故易发路段的可能性进行预测,进而预先采取安全改进措施,能够使得安全完善工作由被动变主动,还可增加事故易发路段判别工作的应用阶段。通过对大量双车道公路事故易发路段样本的整理和分析,发现接入口密度、道路线形、交通组成等要素对事故易发路段的产生有很大影响。为此,借助Log istic模型在概率预测上的优势对上述要素对事故易发路段形成的影响情况进行了研究,建立了事故易发路段预测模型,并进行了实际检验。     

山区农村公路县镇段及远郊段安全特征分析

山区农村公路在公路中占比较高,但其安全形势严峻。本研究通过对云南某山区农村公路的事故地点分布特征进行总结,通过对县镇路段和郊区路段的交通事故从时间、车型、类型以及原因等方面进行对比分析,发现在县镇路段事故高发,且事故多发路段中有70%位于县镇路段。从事故发生时间、事故类型以及事故原因等方面来看,县镇路段事故特征与居民出行特征、交通特征以及路侧特征有相关性。     

高速公路养护维修作业区行车速度控制方法探讨

行车速度控制对提高高速公路养护维修作业的安全性起着巨大的作用。控制养护作业工作区车速的方法包括交通标志牌、旗手、交通警察(警车)、车道变窄、“颠簸”车道、视觉限速标线等。文章结合国内外在相关领域的大量研究,详细分析了各种速度控制方法,并对其中某些方法进行了综合和改进。     

A multi-country survey for collecting and analyzing facts related to road traffic safety: Legislation,enforcement, and education for safer drivers

Road traffic safety is a crucial global objective. It is important for every country to review and improve road safety policies and strategies, based on an objective understanding of its own road traffic safety situation in the world. With the aim of contributing to such a review and understanding, this study conducted a multi-country survey to gather information about various facts related to legislation, enforcement, and education, which are designed to achieve safer drivers in nine countries, by using a common format. This paper introduces the results of the survey with a particular focus on legislation and enforcement regarding speed limit violations and red-light-running as well as on education within the driving licensing systems. It highlights variations, in terms of penalty settings and enforcement levels, in different countries; it also examines the training durations necessary for acquiring a driving license and license renewal procedures. In this way, it demonstrates the potential and significance of understanding the relative position of each country in terms of road traffic safety through an international comparison despite its limited information.     

Inclusion of speed and weather measures in safety performance functions for rural roadways

The research on relationships among vehicle operating speed, roadway design elements, weather, and traffic volume on crash outcomes will greatly benefit the road safety profession in general. If these relationships are well understood and characterized, existing techniques and countermeasures for reducing crash frequencies and crash severities could potentially improve, and the opportunity for new methodologies addressing and anticipating crash occurrence would naturally ensue. This study examines the prevailing operating speeds on a large scale and determines how traffic speeds and different speed measures interact with roadway characteristics and weather condition to influence the likelihood of crashes. This study used three datasets from Washington and Ohio: 1) Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), 2) the National Performance Management Research Dataset (NPMRDS), and 3) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather data. State-based conflated databases were developed using the linear conflation of HSIS and NPMRDS. The results show that certain speed measures were found to be beneficial in quantifying safety risk. Annual-level crash prediction models show that increased variability in hourly operating speed within a day and an increase in monthly operating speeds within a year are both associated with a higher number of crashes. Safety practitioners can benefit from the current study in addressing the issue of speed and weather in crash outcomes.     

Crash prediction model for two-lane rural highways in the Ashanti region of Ghana

Crash Prediction Models (CPMs) have been used elsewhere as a useful tool by road Engineers and Planners. There is however no study on the prediction of road traffic crashes on rural highways in Ghana. The main objective of the study was to develop a prediction model for road traffic crashes occurring on the rural sections of the highways in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The model was developed for all injury crashes occurring on selected rural highways in the Region over the three (3) year period 2005–2007. Data was collected from 76 rural highway sections and each section varied between 0.8 km and 6.7 km. Data collected for each section comprised injury crash data, traffic flow and speed data, and roadway characteristics and road geometry data. The Generalised Linear Model (GLM) with Negative Binomial (NB) error structure was used to estimate the model parameters. Two types of models, the ‘core’ model which included key exposure variables only and the ‘full’ model which included a wider range of variables were developed. The results show that traffic flow, highway segment length, junction density, terrain type and presence of a village settlement within road segments were found to be statistically significant explanatory variables (p < 0.05) for crash involvement. Adding one junction to a 1 km section of road segment was found to increase injury crashes by 32.0% and sections which had a village settlement within them were found to increase injury crashes by 60.3% compared with segments with no settlements. The model explained 61.2% of the systematic variation in the data. Road and Traffic Engineers and Planners can apply the crash prediction model as a tool in safety improvement works and in the design of safer roads. It is recommended that to improve safety, highways should be designed to by-pass village settlements and that the number of junctions on a highway should be limited to carefully designed ones.     

在用桥梁护栏安全性能改进方法研究

为探讨在用桥梁护栏安全性能改进方法,通过实际交通流的观测分析,确定了在用护栏安全性能的检验条件。利用力学分析和三维有限元模拟,确定了兼顾桥梁主体结构安全性和护栏防护性能的在用桥梁护栏安全性能评价方法。设计了具有双层护栏结构的在用桥梁护栏改造方案。结果表明:在用桥梁护栏的典型碰撞检验车辆应选择实际交通流中占有较大比重的车型或需要重点防护的车型,碰撞检验速度取实际交通流的85%位运行速度;在用桥梁护栏安全性能评价应包括防护性能评价和桥梁主体结构安全性评价两部分;内侧梁柱式护栏与外侧组合式护栏结合的改造方案可满足桥梁主体结构安全性要求,防护能力为SS级;在保证防护能力的前提下,可通过景观优化设计使改造后的护栏与环境景观相协调。     

Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is generally assessed using frequency of crashes, based on historical data, for a given transportation facility. However, the lack of good and reliable crash data has hampered its apposite analyses and in evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian safety programs. To overcome this gap, traffic conflict technique (TCT) which relies mainly on the observations of critical traffic situations for safety analysis were developed. However, the applicability of TCTs and related measures under varying non-lane based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in countries such as India is not widely explored. This paper attempts to evaluate pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalk using different surrogate safety measures, including vehicle crossing speed, post encroachment time (PET), yielding compliance of driver as well as pedestrian, and conflict rate. The number of conflicts were observed to increase as the average vehicle crossing speed increases, indicating that pedestrians are extremely vulnerable while crossing the road. The PET value for the smaller vehicles, such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers, is recorded to be lower than the heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. With the addition of one lane, there is a significant decrease in the PET value. The average PET values for the vehicle on eight-lane divided road is less than the six-lane divided, four-lane divided, and two-lane undivided roads. Further, the yielding compliance of the driver as well as of the pedestrian depends on the crossing speed of the approaching vehicle and the type of road geometry. Further, the rate and severity of conflicts increased with a decrease in the pedestrian crossing speed. The yielding behaviour of the drivers as well as the pedestrian's yielding compliance varies by location, highlighting the effect of individual and demographic characteristics on pedestrian crossing behaviour.     

Review of traffic safety evaluation at T-intersections using surrogate safety measures in developing countries context

In recent years, significant research has focused on traffic safety evaluations at unsignalized intersections due to complex and heterogeneous traffic movements as well as driver behaviour at such locations. However, at unsignalized T-intersections, priority traffic rules are less respected, which creates more conflicts. Further, multiple traffic movements such as right turns and through movements with varied driver behaviour results in increases the severity of conflicts. Many research studies have focused on the proactive safety measures in traffic safety evaluations as compared to crash-based analysis. Also, it is observed that Time to Collision (TTC) and Post Encroachment Time (PET) are the predominant types of surrogate safety measures in traffic safety evaluations. From the existing research outcomes, it is understood that these surrogate safety measures may give a better understanding of chain events for crash occurrences, collision mechanisms, and resulting consequences. However, further research is required in order to understand the suitability of such surrogate safety measures based on the complexity of heterogeneous traffic as well as driver behaviour with considerations of turning vehicles, particularly at T-intersections. In this context, this paper critically reviews the recent developments in Surrogate Safety Measures (SSM) and their applications at unsignalized intersections, with a particular focus on the T-intersection. This paper also brings attention to T-intersection safety evaluation with SSM in a developing country context. The outcome of the present study is more useful in the evaluation of traffic safety at T-intersections and suitable safety indicators for the evaluation.     

对我国高速公路安全管理系统的探讨

在高速公路交通事故及其严重程度的致因中安全管理系统的健全不容忽视。通过对我国某条高速公路交通安全管理系统和交通事故的致因分析,从管理体制和交通安全角度剖析了高速公路安全管理中存在的问题,提出了:实行"统一管理,综合执法",或在现有的管理模式下,高速公路的交通警察和监控人员在监控中心合署办公,共同处理高速公路上的交通安全问题;限制超速行驶、加强对货车、危险品运输及高速公路结构和安全设施的管理,优化服务意识、建立信息协调机制、充分利用交通广播等其他安全管理措施和方法以完善高速公路交通安全管理,建立一套符合我国国情的高速公路安全管理措施和方法,以期达到为公路用户提供安全、舒适和快速的运行环境的目的。     

Speed management strategies and drivers' attitudes in Thailand

In Thailand where speeding on highways and roads has been a key contributing factor in road traffic crashes, considerable efforts to control vehicle speeds have been made, mostly through speed limit enforcement. However, the fact that speed limits are very often violated on a large scale in Thailand suggests the need for implementing more effective speed management strategies such as automatic speed cameras, increasing speeding penalty, and smart vehicle design to control vehicle speeds. While the effectiveness of such measures depends mainly on how well they could lead drivers to change speeding behavior, public acceptability is also vital as a key to sustainability of most speed management programs. This paper attempts to identify public acceptability of speed management measures, both currently implemented and under consideration, in Thailand. In doing so, data from the questionnaire surveys based on a random sample of 2180 drivers in Thailand including a wide range of individual characteristics of respondents and their attitudes to select speed management schemes are analyzed using an econometric technique. In particular, we introduce a simplified methodological framework to develop a better understanding of factors that explain drivers' attitudes towards speeding behavior and alternative speed management strategies. Findings from this research provide several important implications that could improve the current practices of speed management in Thailand.