Innovation and Future Application of Mechanized and Intelligentized Construction Technology for High speed Railway Tunnels: A CaseStudy of Hubei Section on Zhengzhou Wanzhou High speed Railway（高速铁路隧道机械化修建技术创新与智能化建造展望——以郑万高速铁路湖北段为例）

To ensure the safe, rapid and high quality construction of Zhengzhou Wanzhou High speed Railway, a series of exploration and innovation of construction technology, structural design and information management under the condition of large scale mechanization is used in the whole construction process. The technology includes: （1）A set of advanced geological prediction, advanced pre reinforcement technology of excavation face, mechanized construction technology of primary support, wide waterproof board trolley operation technology and intelligentized full face lining trolley of large scale mechanized construction technology are formed. （2）A classification method of surrounding rock stability is established based on the mechanized construction technology, and the design parameters of the tunnel support structure are optimized under the guidance of New Austria Tunneling Method. （3）To realize informatized management of tunnel construction, the tunnel construction management system, construction information record system, construction safety management system, quality management system of concrete mixing station and quality credit evaluation system are established. Finally, on the basis of mechanized and informatized construction, exploration and outlook of the tunnel intelligentized construction technology are given from the aspects of the dynamic intelligentized design system of tunnel support system, the intelligentized robot construction technology of tunnel support system and the intelligentized monitoring system of tunnel structure, to promote China′s tunnel construction technology.     

Innovation and Practice of Hard Rock TBM in China（我国硬岩掘进机的创新与实践）

In recent years, with the help of good national policy support, the design, manufacturing and construction technology for tunnel boring machine (TBM) in China have been greatly improved; but compared with foreign relatively proven technology, there is still a certain gap for domestic technology development and engineering application. Based on the situation analysis of research and application of TBM in China and abroad, the research work for TBM design is carried out according to the complex geological conditions of Gaoligongshan Tunnel on Dali Ruili Railway as follows. (1) The prototype disc cutter rock breaking and scaled disc cutter wearing experiment are carried out to provide reference for adaptable design of TBM cutterhead and key parameter calculation. (2) The TBM design scheme is discussed from the aspects of high efficiency rock breaking of cutters and cutterhead, TBM over excavation, integrated support system, etc. (3) Two kinds of advanced geological prediction technology, i.e. HSP method and RTP method, are researched. The study results can provide reference for design and manufacture of TBM with high adaptability in complex geology and construction application in Gaoligongshan Tunnel.     

Study of Tunneling Technology in Tertiary Sandy Mudstone Strata with Rich Water under High Pressure: Case Study of Shuangfeng Tunnel of Mudanjiang Suifenhe Railway（第三系高压富水砂泥岩地层隧道技术研究——以牡绥铁路双丰隧道为例）

In order to deal with the technical problems of Shuangfeng Tunnel passing through water rich Tertiary sandy mudstone strata with long distance and big overburden, such as dewatering, advance reinforcement, structural design and construction method etc., reducing tunnel deformation, preventing water inrush, gushing mud and tunnel collapse, the technical route of "stereo exploration, pressure reduction by water releasing, pre grouting, supporting timely, overall monitoring" is established after the field test and data analysis. Methods of full dimensional exploration and water pressure reducing are proposed, which form the preceding reinforcing technology that are different between inside the excavation contour and outside the excavation contour. Support linings are constructed immediately after excavation of upper bench. Safety performance of tunnel structure is evaluated according to the monitoring results. The research is conducted based on Shuangfeng Tunnel and the study results are applied in the construction of the tunnel. Results indicate that it can make sense to control deformation and ensure safety by using methods of reducing pressure through full dimensional water release, adopting advance reinforcement measures that are different between inside the excavation contour and outside the excavation contour, proposing mini bench method during tunnel construction and supporting timely after excavation for tunnels passing through water rich Tertiary sandy mudstone strata.     

Study of Design and Construction Technology of Ultra large span Tunnel at Badaling Great Wall Station（八达岭长城站超大跨度隧道设计施工技术研究）

The large span transition section at Badaling Great Wall Station with a maximum excavation span of 32.7 m and an excavation area of 494.4 m2 is the traffic tunnel with the largest excavation span and excavation section area in the world, resulting in substantial construction difficulty and high safety risk. To ensure the construction safety of Badaling Great Wall Station, the support parameter design, a new excavation method, and the surrounding rock deformation control principle for tunnels with an ultra large section are studied. The study results show that: (1) According to the checking calculation, the support system had a safety factor of 1.16-2.46 during the construction period and 1.59-3.54 during the operation period, i.e., its engineering structure is safe and reliable. (2) The innovative triangle type excavation applied to the tunnel with an ultra large span and section has the advantages of a simple and clear method, safe and reliable structure, high applicability of mechanical equipment and high construction efficiency. (3) Depending on different surrounding rock classes and spans, the criteria for total deformation control of the large span transition section at Badaling Great Wall Station are as follows: in the case of class Ⅱ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 20-30 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 15-20 mm; in the case of class Ⅲ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 30-40 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 20-25 mm; in the case of class Ⅳ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 60-90 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 40-55 mm; in the case of class Ⅴ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 130-190 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 90-105 mm. (4) According to the numerical simulation, the innovative triangle type excavation method results in deformation that is mainly centralized in the tunnel arch making stage, accounting for approximately 95% of the total, followed by deformation in the side making stage, accounting for 4% of the total, with the smallest deformation only accounting for 1% in the inverted arch making stage.     

The Current Status and Some Problems of Slurry Shield in China（中国泥水盾构使用现状及若干问题）

For recent ten years, the slurry shield tunnelling technology has been widely used in major underneath river/ocean tunnels and urban metro constructions in China. With the gradual maturity of the slurry shield technology, especially the large diameter slurry shield technology, the numbers of projects and shield machines have been among the highest in the world. However, great challenges arise during the construction of the slurry shield projects under complex geological conditions, such as the stability of the excavation face, cutting tool abrasion, opening the chamber and repairing the machine, slurry circulation with slag, and remanufacturing of the shield. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the development of slurry shield construction technology in China. Based on typical cases of slurry shield projects, this study analysed the main problems of the slurry shield in the construction process and summarised the current experiences and key technologies. Considering the actual situation of the slurry shield technology, this study clarifies its development direction in China, which is significant to promote the development of the slurry shield technology in the world.     

Construction Technologies for Tunnels in Special and  Complicated Geology of Lanzhou Chongqing Railway（兰渝铁路特殊复杂地质隧道修建技术）

Lanzhou Chongqing Railway is located in the uplift margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the geological environment is very complicated and special. Based on numerical analysis and field tests, the physical and mechanical properties, micro structure, and complicated water related stability of the Tertiary sandstone are studied. A comprehensive dewatering system integrating deep surface wells and vacuum light well points in tunnel is used and the construction technique featured with advance reinforcement by horizontal jet grouting for the full face of aquiferous silty fine sand tunnels is invented to solve the problem of the Tertiary quick sand. In addition, the classification method for deformation potentiality in design and dynamic adjustment in construction of tunnels in high geostress soft rock is established, the deformation control technology combining active stress release and passive control according to the deformation mechanism is developed, an automatic real time monitoring system for operation is invented, and a complete technological system of design, construction, and operation management of soft rock tunnels is built. Moreover, the TBM equipment parameter design principles are put forward, the parallel lining and multi stage belt conveyor mucking system is researched, the phased ventilation technology is invented and thus the problem of safe and fast long distance construction by large diameter TBMs is solved. The technological achievements have filled in gaps and facilitated development of the tunnel construction technology.     

Challenges and Countermeasures in Construction of  Gaoligongshan Tunnel of Dali Ruili Railway（大瑞铁路高黎贡山隧道施工挑战与对策）

In order to resolve the challenges encountered in the construction of Gaoligongshan Tunnel such as soft rock deformation of inclined shafts, water drainage and protection of vertical shafts, TBM jam in crossing areas with adverse geology, solutions and key construction techniques are developed through theoretical analysis, field test, scheme optimization and staged review and summary. The performance results of field practice show that: (1)the goal of no damages and no replacement of the primary support can be achieved by adopting the comprehensive deformation prevention technique of "ring support early formation and quick closure", setting of proper excavation line curvature, and reinforcing of support; (2)the risk of vertical shaft flooding during construction in water rich weak granite can be greatly reduced by adopting the water control principle of "exploration for any excavation, plugging as the main method, and supplemented with drainage method" and the key pre grouting technique of S shaped deep boreholes; (3)the open type TBM can quickly and safely pass through the unfavorable mylonitic granite stratum by adopting the small pilot tunnel construction method, thus the fast and high efficiency construction performance of TBM can be fully utilized.     

State of art and Prospectives of Urban Utility Tunnels in China（我国城市综合管廊建设发展现状与未来发展趋势）

Based on the introduction of the history and typical projects, the state of art of urban utility tunnels in China are mainly discussed in terms of construction mode, planning and design, construction and operation management. Then the significant technologies used for utility tunnels in China such as the green construction concept, intensive planning/design concept, intensive planning/design method, formwork slipping technology, precast/assembly technology and BIM based intelligent management technology and so on are elaborated. Finally, prospectives of utility tunnels in China are presented.     

Construction Behavior of Double Down?side Drifts in a Weak Tunnel with Shallow Cover

Confronted　with　accidents　in　a　shallow?buried　weak　tunnel　using　the　bench　excavation　method,such　as　great　subsidence　and　cracks　in　the　ground　surface　as　well　as　those　in　the　preliminary　support,a　double　downside　drifts　construction　method　was　presented　The　drifts　were　used　to　detect　geological　conditions　and　reinforce　the　lower　parts　of　the　tunnel　Its　construction　procedures　and　load　transiting　mechanism　were　then　described　Its　Construction　behavior　was　also　studied　by　numerical　simulation　using　software　MIDAS　The　results　show　that　(1)　double-side　drifts　can　improve　tunnel　load,the　key　construction　step　is　arch　ring　excavation　and　core　soil　is　good　to　keep　tunnel　steady;　(2)　weak　parts　mainly　l ocate　at　wall　foot　of　drifts,wall　foot　and　crown　foot　of　tunnel,and　the　connections;　(3)　reinforcement　of　soil　under　the　drifts　has　no　apparent　effect　on　improving　rock　deformation　and　support　load　Advice　on　construction　was　proposed　that　main　parts　to　be　reinforced　are　drifts　(its　foot　depth,connection　parts　with　tunnel,and　its　corners)　and　core　soil　should　be　kept　if　rock　is　unsteady　and　needs　reinforcing     

Key Construction Technologies for Overlapping Twisted Shield bored Tunnels in Weak Water rich Strata(富水软弱地层中麻花型盾构隧道群施工关键技术)

The project under study is an overlapping twisted shield bored tunnels in weak water rich strata. The purpose of the study is to solve the key technological problems in the construction of the project. The optimal construction sequence of the overlapping twisted shield tunnels is determined according to the engineering geological conditions, the surrounding working environment, and theoretical analysis on the spatial relationship of the four tunnels, and verification control are carried out via monitoring means. The tunnel construction is properly timed, smart self propelled movable support jumbo is adopted, and grouting reinforcement technology is used to ensure the construction safety of the overlapping twisted shield bored tunnels. The grouting pre reinforcement technology and the clay shock technology are adopted to ensure the safety of the surrounding buildings. The technologies for the construction of the overlapping twisted shield bored tunnels described in this paper is of great significance for the construction of similar overlapping tunnels with high shield launching/receiving risks and crossing under important structures with small clearance.     

上排渣型全断面竖井掘进机凿井工艺及工业试验

为解决传统钻爆法和钻井法在大深度和盲竖井施工中的局限和不足，研究并提出上排渣型全断面竖井掘进机机械化凿井工艺，即采用全断面钻进、机械式上排渣，实现一次性成井。首先，介绍上排渣型全断面竖井掘进机的设计理念，并对整机的开挖系统、出渣系统、支护系统、导向系统以及纠偏系统的工作原理和整机的具体性能参数进行介绍； 然后，针对竖井掘进机施工应用时的始发井修建要求、设备组装顺序、调试步骤、井身段施工的具体工艺流程、拆机顺序等各工序的施工技术要点进行详细说明，并进一步总结上排渣型全断面竖井掘进机的工法优势及应用前景； 最后，基于上排渣型全断面竖井掘进机在宁海抽水蓄能电站竖井施工中的工业试验，分析竖井掘进机的施工进度并阐述竖井掘进机穿越不良地层中的应对措施。     

米仓山隧道深大竖井建井新法

为解决目前公路行业面临的大直径竖井建设缺乏相关规范支撑和竖井主要采用复合式衬砌及单行掘砌作业带来的工序复杂、建井速度慢、缺乏相应施工机械配套和安全性较差等难题，通过吸收煤矿深大竖井主流支护与掘砌技术，结合公路运营情况考虑送风井与排风井分设或通过中隔墙合设的布置方式，在公路行业现有支护与掘砌技术的基础上，对米仓山隧道通风竖井进行多方案研究，最终选定单层模筑混凝土衬砌与短段掘砌混合作业单井布置方案，并采用该方案安全快速地建成净直径9 m、深431.8 m的深大竖井。工程实践表明： 1)在同等通风面积下双井工程量要小于单井工程量，但由于其配套施工设备造价高，单井造价要低于双井造价； 2)单层模筑混凝土衬砌与短段掘砌混合作业方式在进度和施工安全等方面优于复合式衬砌及掘砌单行作业方式，可作为公路深大竖井建井新方法。研究结果可为今后深大竖井的修建提供技术支撑和为规范的修订积累经验。     

兰渝铁路木寨岭隧道岭脊核心段扩拆技术

为解决极高地应力作用下兰渝铁路木寨岭隧道岭脊核心地段大变形的问题,分析岭脊核心地段围岩流变和衬砌开裂的原因,提出岭脊核心段衬砌开裂扩拆技术： 设置套拱加固、围岩径向加固、加强支护刚度、优化隧道断面结构、严格控制各工序施工步距、调整隧道变形预留量。对台架法和洞碴回填机械开挖法2种扩拆方法进行比选,选取洞碴回填机械开挖法进行扩拆。重点介绍洞碴回填机械开挖法施工技术和施工组织,并对支护结构变形和受力进行监测,结果表明： 采用洞碴回填机械开挖法扩拆施工安全,支护结构变形在预计范围、无侵限,二次衬砌结构稳定、无开裂。     

上排渣式全断面竖井掘进机凿井技术与应用

为验证全断面竖井掘进机凿井技术的可靠性，依托宁海抽水蓄能排风竖井工程，解析上排渣式全断面竖井掘进机上排渣系统、开挖系统、姿态调整系统及井下动态实时监控系统等关键系统的设计及应用。应用表明： 1）在井壁上布置环向导水槽和优化掘进排渣参数，保证了竖井掘进机在凝灰岩含水地层的顺利通过； 2）采用前装刀设计满足使用要求，通过刀盘支地系统和刀具更换工装，实现了竖井掘进机前装刀的安全更换； 3）采用竖井掘进机独特的姿态调整方法，满足了井筒掘进的精度要求； 4）基于渣土称重和热成像原理，解决了粉尘环境下吊桶装渣的可视化作业； 5）采用基于UWB技术的竖井掘进机分层平面定位系统，实现了竖井作业区域内人员的实时定位。     

特长公路隧道通风竖井施工阶段稳定性分析

结合某隧道2#通风竖井施工项目,采用数值模拟的方法,分析了竖井及风道的施工对围岩衬砌稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：竖井开挖初期,衬砌压应力、壁座拉应力和位移量均随着竖井的开挖逐步增大,最大值分别为8.1 MPa、1.03 MPa和2.62 mm。开挖到第五步和第六步时对衬砌的应力和位移影响最为不利,应采取相应的保护措施。风道开挖后拱底上抬、拱顶下沉,拱底衬砌最大位移量为3.2 mm,临近竖井部位衬砌拉应力值达到3.76 MPa,可能对初期衬砌造成局部破坏。竖井和风道连接部位衬砌和围岩均出现拉应力集中,最大拉应力值分别达到3.8 MPa和1.6 MPa,围岩最大上抬位移为2.66 mm,竖井和风道连接部位出现局部破损,在实际工程的施工中需予以加固。     

竖井反井钻井法在地下水封洞库工程中的应用

地下水封洞库对地下水的保护要求严格,反井钻井法在钻导井时极易出现地下水的流失,且在扩挖时不易注浆堵水。为解决上述问题,首先通过采用水文地质探孔和地表预注浆等方法确定了反井钻井法施工方案,然后介绍了钻机选型及反井钻机作业原理,并对反井钻机的施工流程和安全保障措施进行了介绍,烟台LPG地下水封洞库工程采用反井钻井法施工后,竖井平均日成井2 m左右,工期为10个月。在确保地下水位稳定的情况下安全、快速、经济地完成了竖井的施工。     

大倾角曲线斜井衬砌施工技术

大相岭隧道斜井斜距长、坡度大,地质情况复杂,担负着正线隧道通风的繁重任务,介绍了大倾角斜井长曲线二次衬砌设备的配置方案、混凝土输送方式及施工技术,经过3种方案的比选,采用5t慢速卷扬机和3×4滑轮组组成的牵引系统牵引衬砌台车,较好实现了衬砌台车的移动和定位,保证了隧道的施工进度,具有较强的实用性和可操作性,取得了良好的经济效益及社会效益。     

越海泥水盾构提前到达施工关键技术研究

由于竖井施工进度滞后,为解决盾构提前到达并保证顺利出洞这一技术难题,以台山核电站1#取水隧洞盾构提前到达施工为例,在理论研究的基础上,对盾构到达前的掘进控制措施进行分析,阐述了预留段隧洞爆破参数设计,并对提前到达的关键技术及控制要点进行总结。得出以下结论:1)盾构提前到达盾构井预留5 m的安全距离,并将刀盘后退掌子面0.7 m的方案是可行的,既能加快施工进度,又能有效地保护盾构设备;2)盾构到达预留段前采用"小推力、低转速"的掘进原则,预留5 m段采用"爆破开挖+锚喷支护+管片二次衬砌"相结合的施工方法,保证了盾构安全顺利出洞,有效地控制了管片上浮、错台和接缝处漏水等现象。     

关角隧道斜井皮带机运输技术研究

为解决长大隧道长斜井出碴运输难题,提高长斜井出碴运输效率,对隧道皮带机运输技术进行调研,对传统运输方式与皮带机运输进行比较分析,说明皮带机运输的优越性,并结合关角隧道的实际情况提出多种斜井出碴运输设计方案,对斜井皮带机在井底转载、储碴、喂料和破碎等细节方面进行方案比选,选择经济合理、切实可行的出碴运输方案,为指导关角隧道现场施工提供借鉴,为类似工程建设提供参考。     

地铁隧道施工竖井降水开挖引起的地表沉降分析

为评估城市地铁隧道竖井施工产生的地表沉降,结合深圳地铁5号线某暗挖区间竖井施工,采用有限元和流固耦合方法对该竖井的降水及开挖施工进行三维数值模拟分析,得到竖井降水和开挖引起地表沉降的变化和分布。根据地表沉降计算结果可得到如下结论:1)竖井单纯进行开挖而不降水引起的地表沉降远小于开挖和降水耦合作用引起的总沉降;2)距竖井越近,开挖引起的沉降占总沉降比例越大;距竖井越远,降水引起的沉降占总沉降的比例越大;3)在地表最大沉降处降水产生的沉降占到了总沉降的65%。