LNG项目柔性材料管道保冷施工

随着液化天然气（LNG）项目的不断发展,新型的管道保冷材料被广泛应用。文中结合某LNG项目管道柔性保冷材料的实际施工情况,对柔性保冷材料的施工工艺从环境要求、保冷结构、施工顺序等几个方面进行研究,总结出了最适合的保冷施工工艺,为其他LNG项目管道保冷材料的选型提供参考,为管道保冷施工提供参考。     

LNG管输保冷层厚度优化设计

对于低温液化天然气输送管道,保冷层厚度的设计是防止管道内液体气化,实现液体单相流动的关键.文中以液化天然气管道年保冷层投资的分摊费用和运行费用之和为优化目标,同时考虑防止保冷层外表面结露,允许最大冷损失量,限制液化天然气进入冷却站温度3个约束条件,建立液化天然气保冷层厚度计算的优化模型,并用Visual Basic语言...     

LNG工程保冷层施工

保冷层施工是LNG工程建设的关键技术之一,合适的保冷结构和施工工艺可以提高LNG系统运行的安全性和经济性。通过比较常用保温材料的性能及优缺点,确定了适合LNG管道的保温材料。介绍了LNG系统的保冷层结构及作用。分别论述了LNG运输系统中的直管线、弯头、法兰、阀门等不同部位的保冷层施工工艺,还分析了LNG系统运行过程中保冷层存在的失效风险,并提出了相应的改进建议。     

LNG长距离管道输送保冷层厚度的计算方法

将几种计算普通绝热低温管道保冷层厚度的方法与LNG长距离输送管道的特点结合并进行分析后,建议采用费用最低的方法计算LNG长距离管道输送的保冷层厚度,同时建立了计算保冷层厚度的数学模型,并对该模型进行了分析求解。     

氯乙烯贮罐泄漏原因分析及对策

文中介绍了氯乙烯贮罐泄漏的概况。通过泄漏现场勘查和取样,从设计结构、材料选择、制造质量、生产工艺等几个方面出发,采用金属材料学和化学分析的方法,全面分析了发生泄漏的原因。该泄漏是由于设计选材不当、焊缝余高过大、排污管与罐体焊缝未打磨至与母材平齐、焊后未进行消除应力热处理、罐体安装角度有误及操作介质中氯化物超标等造成,并提出了避免类似泄漏发生的相应对策。     

热水夹套的配管设计与管件选用原则

化工装置中,对于黏稠和对热敏感的工艺介质选用热水夹套进行加热能达到良好的伴热效果.鉴于热水夹套管在设计和施工过程中的复杂性,夹套管在配管设计中要注意内外管尺寸选用、供热长度、柔性设计等设计原则,要保证热水的流动畅通,还要注意材质的选择.设计过程中,还应遵循弯头、三通、异径管、法兰、阀门、导向板、隔断板等管件的选用原则....     

U型管式换热器的质量控制

U型管式换热器属于列管换热器的一种,被广泛应用在循环水冷却高温气体装置中。根据U型管式换热器的结构特点和技术原理,针对设备在使用过程中可能出现的问题,在整个材料采购和制造过程中,对换热器中管板制造加工、U型管成形及换热管与管板的焊接等制造的关键和难点予以质量控制,保证产品质量,使设备按设计要求制造完毕后安全有效地运行。     

液体管道破损处泄漏特性实验环道设计

文中借鉴顺序输送环道设计的有关经验,利用相似原理,设计了一个采用多种环道结构和元件的实验平台。该设计根据实际事故情况设置泄漏孔形状等边界条件,可最大限度模拟实际泄漏事故过程,研究各运行工况下管道破损处的出流特性和扩散规律,为泄漏量预测、泄漏后停泵方案优化等提供依据。     

LNG储罐热角保护不同工况的温度场分析

热角保护是大型LNG储罐绝热设计的重要环节。为了解热角保护(TCP)温度场分布,利用ANSYS软件对热角保护在全年最高、最低温工况和全年最高、最低温伴泄漏工况的温度场进行了有限元模拟分析,结果表明全年最高温伴泄漏工况罐底和罐壁的交汇处形成最大热流;内罐出现泄漏时会在热角保护底端内面一定高度范围内形成很强的低温区域。该结果对LNG储罐设计和工程操作有借鉴意义。     

20MnMoNb低合金高强度钢厚壁管焊接裂纹的分析处理

文章着重分析处理了20MnMoNb低合金高强度钢厚壁管在焊接过程中发生的裂纹。对厚壁管焊接裂纹产生的原因进行综合性分析后,采用多层多道浅熔深焊接、小热输入焊接方式和选用低匹配的焊接材料来改善焊缝金属组织的韧塑性方法,规范焊接工艺和焊接质量控制,有效地阻止了焊接裂纹的再生,焊接质量较好。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.