Effect of welding sequence on residual stress and distortion in flat-bar stiffened plates

Numerical simulation based on finite element modelling is used to study the influence of welding sequences on the distribution of residual stress and distortion generated when welding a flat-bar stiffener to a steel plate. The simulation consists of sequentially coupled thermal and structural analyses using an element birth and death technique to model the addition of weld metal to the workpiece. The temperature field during welding and the welding-induced residual stress and distortion fields are predicted and results are compared with experimental measurements and analytical predictions. The effect of four welding sequences on the magnitude of residual stress and distortion in both the plate and the stiffener is investigated and their effects on the ultimate strength of the stiffened plate under uniaxial compression are discussed. Appropriate conclusions and recommendations regarding the welding sequence are presented.     

不同焊接顺序下加筋板变形及残余应力的三维有限元研究

针对焊接过程的二维有限元计算与实际情况存在一定差别的问题，使用三维热弹-塑性有限元法对不同焊接顺序下加筋板焊接过程进行了仿真，获得了加筋板焊接引起的温度场、位移场和应力场。结果表明：在4点约束条件下，加筋板横截面的变形为中垂变形，纵筋的变形为中拱变形，方案1横截面变形更小，方案2纵筋变形更小。焊接引起的加筋板残余应力主要表现为横向应力，其在近焊缝区为拉应力，达到材料屈服强度，远离焊缝区表现为压应力，达到0.2倍材料屈服强度。加强筋横向应力峰值出现在起弧端和收弧端，约为0.85倍材料屈服强度，纵向应力峰值出现在焊接起弧端，约为0.3倍材料屈服强度。在加筋板横截面位置，焊接顺序主要影响加强筋处的残余应力；在加强筋位置，焊接顺序主要影响纵向应力。每组焊缝同时同向焊接，且每根纵筋从左向右依次焊接的焊接方案产生更小的残余应力。     

Experimental and numerical modelling of ductile crack propagation in large-scale shell structures

This paper presents a combined experimental–numerical procedure for development and calibration of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale shell structures. A novel experimental set-up is described in which a mode-I crack can be driven 400 mm through a 20(+) mm thick plate under fully plastic and controlled conditions. The test specimen can be deformed either in combined in-plane bending and extension or in pure extension. Experimental results are described for 5 and 10 mm thick aluminium and steel plates. By performing an inverse finite-element analysis of the experimental results where the simulated crack growth is forced to correspond to the experimental observations, empirical criteria for ductile crack propagation emerge very clearly. Using the experiments with edge crack specimens (ECS) in combined in-plane bending and extension, crack propagation criteria are developed for steel and aluminium plates, mainly as curves showing the critical element deformation versus the shell element size. These derived crack propagation criteria are then validated against a separate set of experiments considering centre crack specimens (CCS) which have a different crack-tip constraint. The applicability of the often-used equivalent strain criterion is discussed versus a more rationally based criterion which takes into account the stress tri-axiality. A large-scale grounding experiment is also simulated showing very good agreement with measurements. The performance of the proposed model is in general good and it is believed that the presented results and experimental–numerical calibration procedure can be of use in practical finite-element simulations of collision and grounding events with the use of shell elements. As discussed, the paper provides a clean framework for further development of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale plate structures.     

具有裂纹缺陷的加筋板的剩余拉伸强度分析

对具有裂纹缺陷的加筋板的剩余强度进行了数值分析.考虑了加筋板上的三种缺陷形式,即板和筋上的垂直裂纹,板和筋上的倾斜裂纹以及板上的裂纹和筋上的圆孔.对板和筋上的相对裂纹长度、材料属性、板和筋的厚度、裂纹开裂角度以及圆孔的直径等影响参数进行了分析.同时,将无加筋板剩余强度的经验公式推广到加筋板,并验证了公式的有效性.     

船舶加筋板轻量化设计研究

加筋板作为船舶中的基本结构单元,对其进行合理地轻量化设计研究并推广到全船可有效减少钢材消耗,降低制造成本。采用有限元软件,对加筋板的力学特性和振动特性进行分析,结合拓扑优化和尺寸优化方法,开展加筋板结构轻量化与振动的协同设计。根据优化结果重新设计梯形式的加强筋结构,并对比分析新型板材特性变化情况,验证优化结果的有效性,并讨论梯形加强筋底角大小对板材特性的影响。最终在保证其适用性的前提下,实现了加筋板减重19.2%。     

A study on scantling formulae of plate members due to lateral pressure under the effect of axial loads

Existing rule scantling formulae of plate members are based on conventional plastic design theory, and do not necessarily reflect complicated plate bending phenomena under axial loads. In this study, we first formulated the effect of axial load on the fully plastic moment based on the von Mises yield criterion for longitudinally stiffened plate in addition to the well-known formula for transversely stiffened plate. In addition, we derived a theoretical formulation of the lateral pressure corresponding to 2-point hinge and 3-point hinge formation taking account of the effect of the additional lateral force due to the axial loads on the deflected plating, using a simple plate strip bending model assuming a long plate with a large aspect ratio.Then, a series of elastic-plastic FE analyses was carried out to verify the structural behavior and the effect of axial load on the plate plastic bending strength. The plate strength was evaluated based on the residual deflection criteria of two cases (0.26 mm and 4.0 mm), and the results were compared with the theoretical derivation. As a result, it was found that assumption of linear strength reduction to the axial stress can cover the transversely stiffened plate under compressive axial stress conservatively. As to the transversely stiffened plate under tensile axial stress and the longitudinally stiffened plate, the strength reduction was in accordance with the reduction in the fully plastic moment based on the von Mises yield criterion in the conservative side. Finally, based on the findings, the required plate thickness coefficients were proposed on an empirical basis both for transversely and longitudinally stiffened plate under compressive and tensile axial loads.     

Elastic local buckling strength of stiffened plate considering plate/stiffener interaction and welding residual stress

An analytical formula for estimating elastic local buckling strength of a continuous stiffened plate subjected to biaxial thrust is derived considering the influence of plate/stiffener interaction and welding residual stresses. Through a comparison of calculated results with those by FEM eigenvalue analysis, high accuracy of the proposed formula is demonstrated. A series of buckling strength analyses is performed on the deck and bottom plating of actual ships. It has been found that:

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Tests on ultimate strength of hull box girders made of high tensile steel

The experimental results of the collapse of three box girders subjected to pure bending moment are presented. The structures are made of high tensile steel of 690 MPa of nominal yield stress reinforced with bar stiffeners of the same material. The moment curvature curves are presented covering the pre- and post-collapse regions. The modes of collapse for each box girder are discussed considering the variation on the panel's slenderness. The concept of efficiency of high tensile steel structures is introduced. The concept is very useful to identify the governing parameters affecting the ultimate strength of 3D structures under predominant bending moment.     

基于裂纹最大张口位移的加筋板弹塑性断裂分析

为了快速方便地求取船舶加筋板塑性性能的两个重要参数—裂纹尖端塑性区半径（Ry）和裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）,文章提出了一种基于裂纹最大张口位移（MCOD）来确定加筋板的裂纹尖端塑性区半径和裂纹尖端张开位移的简便方法。该法基于理想弹塑性材料,以提出的裂纹最大张口位移与裂纹尖端塑性区半径及裂纹尖端张开位移的拟合函数关系为基础,考虑了模型尺寸效应、材料特性参数及外载荷的影响。文中还对不同裂纹长度、不同屈服极限条件、不同板/筋刚度比时方法的适用性进行了分析,研究表明：该方法能够消除裂纹长度、屈服极限和外载荷等因素的影响,适用于有限宽船舶加筋板的弹塑性分析。     

基于J积分的含裂纹加筋板在单轴拉伸载荷下的极限强度计算

为研究含裂纹加筋板的极限拉伸强度,本文建立一系列不同长细比、不同裂纹长度、不同裂纹位置的含裂纹加筋板有限元模型,并基于J积分理论对其在单轴拉伸载荷下的极限强度进行了计算。结果发现含裂纹加筋板极限拉伸强度随加筋板长细比的增大略有减小,但减小的程度并不明显;含裂纹加筋板极限拉伸强度随裂纹长度的增大而减小,且减小的幅度逐渐增大;加强筋上的裂纹对含裂纹加筋板极限强度的影响小于底板上的裂纹,而裂纹同时出现在底板和加强筋上时对含裂纹加筋板极限拉伸强度的影响最大。表明含贯穿型裂纹的加筋板在单轴拉伸载荷下的剩余强度对加筋板长细比不敏感,而对裂纹长度较为敏感。     

Numerical simulation of flow around a smooth circular cylinder at very high Reynolds numbers

High Reynolds number flows (Re = 1 × 10⁶, 2 × 10⁶ and 3.6 × 10⁶, based on the free stream velocity and cylinder diameter) covering the supercritical to upper-transition flow regimes around a two-dimensional (2D) smooth circular cylinder, have been investigated numerically using 2D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations with a standard high Reynolds number k ? ? turbulence model. The objective of the present study is to evaluate whether the model is applicable for engineering design within these flow regimes. The results are compared with published experimental data and numerical results. Although the k ? ? model is known to yield less accurate predictions of flows with strong anisotropic turbulence, satisfactory results for engineering design purposes are obtained for high Reynolds number flows around a smooth circular cylinder in the supercritical and upper-transition flow regimes, i.e. Re > 10⁶. This is based on the comparison with published experimental data and numerical results.     

大型集装箱船高强度厚钢甲板安全寿命评估方法

疲劳是船舶与海洋工程结构破坏的主要模式之一.高强度钢的应用使得结构的疲劳问题更加突出.对于采用以高强度厚钢板为甲板的大型集装箱船来说,有必要进行高强度厚钢板的焊接缺陷部位安全寿命评估方法研究.以应力范围的长期分布服从两参数Weibull分布的随机载荷为疲劳载荷,裂纹扩展率采用单一曲线模型预报裂纹在任意时刻的尺寸,结合应力强度因子并参考应力计算方法和失效评估图技术提出一套计算集装箱船高强度钢厚钢板安全寿命评估的方法.通过编制计算程序,对某集装箱船甲板进行安全寿命计算.最后,分析疲劳载荷谱对安全寿命的影响.计算结果表明：载荷回复期的长短和Weibull分布的形状参数的取值都会极大影响结构疲劳安全寿命.     

Density-dependent effects on seston dynamics and rates of filtering and biodeposition of the suspension-cultured scallop Chlamys farreri in a eutrophic bay (northern China): An experimental study in semi-in situ flow-through systems

Effects of stocking density on seston dynamics and filtering and biodeposition by the suspension-cultured Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston in a eutrophic bay (Sishili Bay, northern China), were determined in a 3-month semi-field experiment with continuous flow-through seawater from the bay. Results showed that the presence of the scallops could strongly decrease seston and chlorophyll a concentrations in the water column. Moreover, in a limited water column, increasing scallop density could cause seston depletion due to scallop's filtering and biodeposition process, and impair scallop growth. Both filtration rate and biodeposition rate of C. farreri showed significant negative correlation with their density and positive relationship with seston concentration. Calculation predicts that the daily removal of suspended matter from water column by the scallops in Sishili Bay ecosystem can be as high as 45% of the total suspended matter; and the daily production of biodeposits by the scallops in early summer in farming zone may amount to 7.78 g m^− 2, with daily C, N and P biodeposition rates of 3.06 × 10^− 1, 3.86 × 10^− 2 and 9.80 × 10^− 3 g m^− 2, respectively. The filtering and biodeposition by suspension-cultured scallops could substantially enhance the deposition of total suspended particulate material, suppress accumulation of particulate organic matter in water column, and increase the flux of C, N and P to benthos, strongly enhancing pelagic–benthic coupling. It was suggested that the filtering-biodeposition process by intensively suspension-cultured bivalve filter-feeders could exert strong top-down control on phytoplankton biomass and other suspended particulate material in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicated that commercially suspension-cultured bivalves may simultaneously and potentially aid in mitigating eutrophication pressures on coastal ecosystems subject to anthropogenic N and P loadings, serving as a eutrophic-environment bioremediator. The ecological services (e.g. filtering capacity, top-down control, and benthic–pelagic coupling) functioned by extractive bivalve aquaculture should be emphasized in coastal ecosystems.     

加筋板格高级屈曲分析技术研究及软件开发

文章给出了基于弹性大挠度理论和刚塑性分析的加筋板格高级屈曲分析方法(EPM),该方法包括五种失效模式,即正交加筋板格整体屈曲、纵向加筋子板格整体屈曲、纵向加筋和带板的局部屈曲或屈服、纵向加筋的侧倾以及全部屈服,可以考虑初始挠度和残余应力的影响以及双向压缩和侧向载荷的联合作用。以EPM方法为核心开发了加筋板格高级屈曲分析软件系统,包括任务管理、数据输入、屈曲分析、结果查看、能力曲线和文件分析等六个模块。为验证EPM方法的精度进行了系列纵向加筋和正交加筋板格试验模型的比较计算,并计算了四种典型加筋板格的双向应力能力曲线,与板格极限状态分析（PULS）软件和协调共同结构规范（HCSR）方法进行了比较分析。结果表明EPM方法可以分析联合载荷等因素对加筋板格极限强度的影响,文中开发的软件系统可用于加筋板格高级屈曲分析。     

Mass and heat transports in the NE Barents Sea: Observations and models

The strait between Novaya Zemlya and Frans Josef Land, here called the Barents Sea Exit (BSX) is investigated using data obtained from a current-meter array deployed in 1991–1992, and two numerical models (ROMS and NAME). Combining the observations and models the net volume flux towards the Arctic Ocean was estimated to 2.0 ± 0.6 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³s^? 1). The observations indicate that about half of this transport consists of dense, Cold Bottom Water, which may penetrate to great depths and contribute to the thermohaline circulation. Both models give quite similar net transport, seasonal variations and spatial current structures, and the discrepancies from the observations were related to the coarse representation of the bottom topography in the models. Also the models indicate that actual deployment did not capture the main in- and outflows through the BSX. A snapshot of the hydrographic structure (CTD section) indicates that both models are good at reproducing the salinity. Nevertheless, they react differently to atmospheric cooling, although the same meteorological forcing was applied. This may be due to the different parameterisation of sea ice and that tides were included in only one of the models (ROMS). Proxies for the heat transport are found to be small at the BSX, and it can not be ruled out that the Barents Sea is a heat sink rather than a heat source for the Arctic Ocean.     

大型核电厚壁结构X射线衍射法残余应力测试

采用X射线衍射法（ XRD）对大型核电厚壁结构堆芯板端面、堆芯板与吊篮筒体环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力进行无损测量。研究堆芯板端面、环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力的分布情况及变化规律。结果表明：堆芯板焊前残余应力主要是机加工应力,且焊接过程对其残余应力影响不大;1＃和2＃堆芯板环焊缝轴向残余应力分布趋势明显,呈现焊缝为压应力,母材为拉应力;测试的环向应力在各区域分布不一致;焊接对远离焊缝区域的应力没有影响,远离焊缝区域呈现较大的加工应力。     

Neural localization of acoustic emission sources in ship hulls

In this paper a radial-basis-function neural network is used to localize acoustic emission events in ship hulls. It is shown that using a tiny network configuration and a small set of robust features, selected automatically by the K-means algorithm from a superset of 90 signal parameters, the location of a single event can be classified efficiently into three typical areas found in ship hulls. In simulation experiments, where a stiffened plate model is partially sunk into the water, the localization rate of acoustic emission events in a noise-free environment is 100% using four sensors and only four features per sensor. In the proposed method, the feature set is adapted and estimated automatically in cases of noisy environments. Robust acoustic emission localization rates, greater than 90%, are achieved using less than ten features per sensor in case of additive white Gaussian noise at 0 dB SNR or more.     

Residual stress measurement in an extra thick multi-pass weld using initial stress integrated inherent strain method

Residual stresses existing in a multi-pass butt joint with a thickness of 70 mm, using a flux-cored arc welding process, were measured by an inherent strain method (ISM). Since such a thick plate before welding contains a large amount of initial residual stresses (−300 to +100 MPa), the initial stresses were integrated with conventional ISM in order to determine the total residual stresses in a welded joint. Two methods named as initial stress integrated ISM and initial inherent strain integrated ISM were suggested for the consideration of the initial stress distributions through the thickness of base plates. The results show that there is a significant difference between the integrated ISM with initial stresses or initial inherent strain and the conventional ISM without initial stresses. The residual stresses measured by any of the initial stress integrated ISM and initial inherent strain integrated ISM agreed well with the neutron diffraction measurement. Thus, the proposed initial stress integrated ISM is a proper destructive measurement method in the case of thick weld joints.     

超声冲击消除高强钢焊接残余应力的数值模拟研究

焊接残余应力会对结构的力学特性带来不利的影响,而超声冲击能较有效地消除大型焊接结构残余拉应力,起到大幅增加结构疲劳强度的作用。该文首先采用热弹塑性方法对超声冲击前的高强钢平板焊接残余应力进行分析,然后采用瞬态动力学方法对焊接残余应力的超声冲击消除进行三维仿真研究,最后对超声冲击前后残余应力的数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析研究。由分析结果可知:超声冲击前高强钢平板焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力,呈双峰分布;超声冲击后较大的残余拉应力转化为残余压应力;数值模拟结果与试验结果相一致。并且,平板厚度方向的应力经过超声冲击后表现为应力的均匀化。文中研究结果可为高强钢大型焊接结构超声冲击消除残余应力进行合理评估和后续进行相关力学特性研究提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

Ultimate collapse tests of stiffened-plate ship structural units

An increasingly popular approximate method for assessing ship hull girder ultimate strength is to combine the individual elasto-plastic load-carrying characteristics of each single stiffened-plate unit comprising the ship hull cross section. In order to evaluate methods (numerical and experimental) for developing the load-carrying characteristics (load–shortening curves), a full-scale testing system was designed and constructed to provide data for stiffened steel plate units under combined axial and lateral loads. The system included an assembly of discrete plate edge restraints that were developed to represent symmetric boundary conditions within a grillage system. Twelve full-scale panels including ‘as-built’, ‘deformed’ and ‘damaged’ specimens were tested in this set-up.

The specimens failed by combined plate and flexural buckling, stiffener tripping or local collapse, depending on the magnitude of lateral loads and local damage. Load-shortening curves associated with different failure modes were found to be distinctly different and it was found that a small lateral load could change the failure mode from flexural buckling to tripping. Current design criteria should directly consider effects of the lateral loads on the failure modes and the collapse loads of stiffened plates.