铰接车辆在不平道路行驶的动力学仿真

本文将铰接车辆简化为一多体系统，把轮胎简化为三维分段性弹簧，通过引入刚性位移机制，考虑路面不平度及其产生的坡度对车辆动力性的影响。建立了铰接车辆在不平路面行驶的动力学模型，列出了运动微分方程，提出了铰接车辆在不平路面行驶的动力学仿真算法，并通过实验验证了此模型及仿真算法的正确性。     

基于稳态插值模型的动态车轮模型

针对传统的稳态轮胎模型缺乏对低速区轮胎与路面之间摩擦力的精确描述,导致车辆在停车工况下仿真不准,车辆具有残余速度的问题,吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室开发了动态车轮模型。该模型将轮胎胎冠部分假设为刚性环,而刚性环与轮辋之间通过六向弹簧阻尼器连接,以模拟胎体的弹性。提出了刚性环与路面之间动、静摩擦力分离求解的建模方法。建立了刚性环动力学子系统,基于C语言开发了仿真程序,并嵌入到复杂车辆模型中。仿真结果表明,采用该模型,车辆可以平稳起步并实现完全停车。     

轮胎性能对车辆操纵稳定性影响的仿真研究

本文中进行整车动力学仿真,以研究轮胎性能对车辆操纵稳定性影响。首先,对3组轮胎进行轮胎力学性能试验,利用所获得的力和力矩数据建立Unitire轮胎模型。然后,用Car Sim软件进行车辆动力学建模、仿真和试验验证。最后,利用所建车辆模型进行稳态回转试验、转向盘角阶跃试验和双移线试验,对试验数据进行分析,并客观评价了轮胎性能对车辆操纵稳定性影响。     

轮胎／路面附着系数估算方法

为提高汽车主动安全系统自适应控制性能,需要对轮胎／路面附着系数进行精确的识别或估算。鉴于附着系数估计的复杂性,文章综述了目前路面附着系数估算中的汽车动力学建模和轮胎／路面摩擦模型建模,重点讨论了轮胎／路面附着系数识别算法中传感器的直接检测估计法,以及基于车辆动力学、回正力矩和状态观测器等动力学模型的估计算法,并对各估算方法存在的问题与发展趋势等进行了分析。对开发汽车主动安全电控系统和提高汽车产业核心竞争力具有重要意义。     

汽车加速过程动力学仿真模拟研究

对不同附着路面上汽车加速过程的模拟是驱动防滑控制模拟研究的基础。在建立两轮驱动汽车和四轮驱动汽车发动机模型、传动系模型、轮胎模型和车辆模型的基础上，采用MATLAB SIMULINK编制了适于加速过程模拟的动力学仿真模拟程序，并针对样车进行了各种附着路面的车辆加速过程的模拟。     

含非线性轮胎模型的汽车四轮转向与主动悬架集成控制

在建立汽车四轮转向与主动悬架统一动力学模型的基础上,分别对2个子系统进行控制器的设计研究.在四轮转向控制器的设计方面,提出了修正后的理想参考模型,采取前馈加反馈的跟踪控制策略,在主动悬架的控制器设计中则采用最优控制方法.结合非线性轮胎模型,在MAT-LAB/Simulink环境下对被动系统、四轮转向系统、主动悬架系统以及四轮转向与主动悬架集成控制系统进行了仿真分析.结果表明:集成控制系统除了能改善车辆在转弯过程中的质心侧偏角响应、横摆角速度响应以及在不平路面上的行驶平顺性外,还能有效抑制由不平路面等外界干扰对车辆转向性能带来的影响.     

行驶于矿山软土路面的自卸车的减振系统协同优化

大吨位矿用自卸车的行驶工况非常恶劣,严重影响车辆的行驶平顺性和操纵稳定性;同时,矿区路面为沙壤土路面,其变形对矿用自卸车的振动也有显著影响。针对此问题,本文中将同时考虑垂向、纵向和侧向相互作用的轮胎-地面接触模型与整车多体动力学模型集成,实现了在变形地面条件下的车辆地面耦合系统的建模,进行ADAMS/Simulink联合仿真,并通过实车道路试验验证了模型的准确性。结果表明,采用计及路面变形的动力学模型,仿真精度提高了7%以上。在此基础上,通过建立2阶响应面近似模型,利用多岛遗传算法对自卸车油气悬架和横向稳定杆参数进行协同优化,保证了在不破坏整车操纵稳定性的前提下,有效改善了车辆的行驶平顺性。     

随机路面激励下车辆系统参数对汽车行驶平顺性的影响研究

基于汽车系统动力学和随机振动理论，建立了简化的人体-座椅、车身及车轮3-DOF车辆振动模型，采用线性滤波白噪声法建立了路面激励模型，并仿真分析了常见C级路面的不平度特性。以C级随机路面激励为车辆振动系统输入，运用变步长四阶Runge-Kutta法求解了车辆系统数学模型。在时域和频域两方面，仿真分析了座椅刚度、阻尼，悬架刚度、阻尼及轮胎刚度对座椅、悬架性能的影响，以及路面不平度和车速对座椅垂向加权加速度的影响。得出了座椅加速度、悬架动挠度、轮胎动载荷功率谱密度随座椅刚度、阻尼系数，悬架刚度、阻尼系数及轮胎刚度变化的规律。     

某后驱电动车悬架开发及舒适性仿真分析

以某后驱电动车底盘性能开发及舒适性仿真为例,讲解了悬架性能设计开发、MBD多体动力学仿真、模型验证及舒适性分析与试验验证的过程。前期悬架设计通过多体动力学虚拟仿真完成性能目标分解;验证阶段通过悬架模型仿真分析及悬架试验验证,实现预定的悬架性能指标。整车仿真模型使用试验拟合的舒适性轮胎模型,进行冲击路面和随机不平路面舒适性仿真。仿真分析及客观测试有效地应用于悬架性能的开发过程。     

不同轮胎模型的动力学应用研究

本文基于乘用车的动力学模型,采用同一款实物轮胎生成不同种类的轮胎模型,通过虚拟试验场的计算方式,研究了这些轮胎模型在动力学载荷计算过程中的一致性和计算效率问题。在轮胎试验测试数据的基础上,利用专业的轮胎模型辨识软件,生成了三种轮胎模型作为研究对象,分别是FTire模型、CDTire31模型和CDTire50模型。为了使车辆动力学模型更接近实际车辆性能,在动力学建模过程中对车辆底盘件进行了柔性化处理。     

路线及路面条件设计阶段的安全性评价仿真系统

以公路横断面数据为型值点,应用multi-quadric插值函数先后拟合出路面单元节点的平面坐标以及高程,并用大量的小三角形单元来逼近连续的路表曲面,从而获得适于行驶动力学仿真的三维路面模型。在ADAMS软件环境下,建立了轻型客车和轿车的整车模型以用于仿真时的动力学解算。研究了轮胎-路面的耦合方法及跟踪路中线的闭环路径控制策略、维持车速的速度控制策略。最后在ADAMS环境下形成了路线-驾驶员-车辆仿真识别系统,通过道路上的运行仿真,获得沿路线上的车辆行驶动力学响应,进而对公路几何线形和路面条件的安全性做出判断以及评价,并以某段二级公路为实例进行了仿真分析。结果表明:该仿真系统对于道路建成后事故多发路段的安全改善具有重要意义。     

基于车路系统的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究

为明确事故现场可视轮胎印迹强度与车辆动力学特性、轮胎橡胶磨损特征及道路表面灰度之间的关联特性,提出基于车路耦合的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究方法。通过结合动态滑动摩擦因数模型及轮胎非线性模型,建立车辆路面9 DOF非线性系统动力学模型,运用VBOX惯性测量技术验证模型的有效性。运用胎面磨损能量模型,从车路系统角度确定车辆、轮胎和路面特性对轮胎全局摩擦力及胎面磨损特性的影响。结合印迹强度特征模型提出轮胎印迹强度参数研究方法,选取不同制动、转向角工况及3组路面、胎面特性对轮胎路面接地力学特性、胎面橡胶磨损量、可视轮胎印迹特征进行仿真分析。结果表明：印迹强度仅与全局摩擦力大小有关,与轮胎路面滑移方向无关;滑移工况下胎面橡胶磨损量随着全局摩擦力和滑移速度的增大而增大,而印迹强度变化不明显;制动力矩和道路表面灰度对产生可视轮胎印迹起决定作用,转向角主要影响不规则可视轮胎印迹的产生;前轮轮胎最先出现可视印迹,且可视印迹长度和强度均高于后轮轮胎;采取可视印迹起点作为事故车辆速度判定具有一定的误差,应根据具体情况进行具体分析;研究成果能够为基于可视轮胎印迹的交通事故重建提供理论基础。     

Process Save Reduction by Macro Joint Approach: The Key to Real Time and Efficient Vehicle Simulation

Applying a non-linear model reduction method to the tire suspension system of road vehicles enables an automatic transfer of complex offline simulation vehicle models to a mathematical model, which fits the real time simulation requirements. The basic assumption, that high frequent inner suspension dynamics are not relevant to handling manoeuvres, converts the differential algebraic equation system (DAE) of suspensions with kinematical closed loops into pure elasto-kinematical linkage equations. The equations of motions can be represented as an ordinary differential equation system (ODE) and considerable simulation time reductions are obtained for the off-line simulation and real time simulation is enabled. This so-called macro joint approach is an alternative modelling method to the well-known look-up table representation of suspension kinematics but it keeps the parameterisation of the original suspension model and is suitable to parameterised real time MBS models. With a second step the dynamics, caused by compliance in the suspension bushings, are reduced to their quasi-static behaviour. The consideration of these quasi-elasticity has nearly no influence on the necessary simulation time. This contribution shows the theoretical background and demonstrates the advantage of the macro joint model reduction approach on a typical vehicle example.     

基于轮胎印迹的事故再现方法研究

首先建立了相机的三维摄影测量模型,用于轮胎印迹的准确勘测和建模。然后建立了车辆运动及碰撞过程中的动力学模型,用以模拟车辆在碰撞前、碰撞过程及碰撞后的运动轨迹,和摄影测量得到的轮胎印迹模型比较,采用轨迹优化的方法实现交通事故在计算机上的三维模拟再现。最后通过在典型事故再现中的应用阐述此方法的应用价值。     

Process Save Reduction by Macro Joint Approach: The Key to Real Time and Efficient Vehicle Simulation

Applying a non-linear model reduction method to the tire suspension system of road vehicles enables an automatic transfer of complex offline simulation vehicle models to a mathematical model, which fits the real time simulation requirements. The basic assumption, that high frequent inner suspension dynamics are not relevant to handling manoeuvres, converts the differential algebraic equation system (DAE) of suspensions with kinematical closed loops into pure elasto-kinematical linkage equations. The equations of motions can be represented as an ordinary differential equation system (ODE) and considerable simulation time reductions are obtained for the off-line simulation and real time simulation is enabled. This so-called macro joint approach is an alternative modelling method to the well-known look-up table representation of suspension kinematics but it keeps the parameterisation of the original suspension model and is suitable to parameterised real time MBS models. With a second step the dynamics, caused by compliance in the suspension bushings, are reduced to their quasi-static behaviour. The consideration of these quasi-elasticity has nearly no influence on the necessary simulation time. This contribution shows the theoretical background and demonstrates the advantage of the macro joint model reduction approach on a typical vehicle example.     

Effect of vehicle model on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics

A methodology is presented for estimating vehicle handling dynamics, which are important to control system design and safety measures. The methodology, which is based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF), makes it possible to estimate lateral vehicle states and tire forces on the basis of the results obtained from sinusoidal steering stroke tests that are widely used in the evaluation of vehicle and tire handling performances. This paper investigates the effect of vehicle-road system models on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics in the EKF. Various vehicle-road system models are considered in this study: vehicle models (2-DOF, 3-DOF, 4-DOF), tire models (linear, non-linear) and relaxation lengths. Handling tests are performed with a vehicle equipped with sensors that are widely used by vehicle and tire manufacturers for handling maneuvers. The test data are then used in the estimation of the EKF and identification of lateral tire model coefficients. The accuracy of the identified values is validated by comparing the RMS error between experimentally measured states and regenerated states simulated using the identified coefficients. The results show that the relaxation length of the tire model has a notable impact on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics.     

基于拓扑结构分析的整车平顺性仿真及试验研究

利用拓扑理论,对某国产轿车的整车拓扑结构进行分析,系统分析前后悬架子系统拓扑结构、转向子系统拓扑结构和动力总成拓扑结构并建立相应模型,结合Fiala轮胎模型和人椅系统模型,在ADAMS环境下建立了整车的虚拟样机,并编制随机的B级路面模型,研究在路面随机输入条件下该车的行驶平顺性。最后将该车道路试验结果与仿真结果进行对比,结果显示驾驶员座椅处垂向加速度功率谱的峰值所对应的频率一致,峰值大小略有差别,而垂向加速度功率谱变化趋势相同。     

Nonlinear Dynamics of Vehicle Traction

Summary The purpose of this study is to understand the nonlinear dynamics of longitudinal ground vehicle traction. Specifically, single-wheel models of rubber-tired automobiles under straight-ahead braking and acceleration conditions are investigated in detail. Customarily, the forward vehicle speed and the rotational rate of the tire/wheel are taken as dynamic states. This paper motivates an alternative formulation in which wheel slip, a dimensionless measure of the difference between the vehicle speed and the circumferential speed of the tire relative to the wheel center, replaces the angular velocity of the tire/wheel as a dynamic state. This formulation offers new insight into the dynamic behavior of vehicle traction. The unique features of the modeling approach allow one to capture the full range of dynamic responses of the single-wheel traction models in a relatively simple geometric manner. The models developed here may also be useful for developing and implementing anti-lock brake and traction control control schemes.