抬高个体出行成本——访同济大学交通运输工程学院院长孙立军

面对愈演愈烈的拥堵问题,很多人倡议采取拥堵收费的方式来限制小汽车的出行.到底这种方式能不能缓解交通拥堵?实施拥堵收费后会给社会带来哪些影响?近日,记者采访了同济大学交通运输工程学院院长孙立军,他就这一问题发表了自己的看法.     

抬高个体出行成本——访同济大学交通运输工程学院院长孙立军

面对愈演愈烈的拥堵问题，很多人倡议采取拥堵收费的方式来限制小汽车的出行。到底这种方式能不能缓解交通拥堵？实施拥堵收费后会给社会带来哪些影响？近日，记者采访了同济大学交通运输工程学院院长孙立军，他就这一问题发表了自己的看法。     

车站外迁乃"害"民之举

城市中心区的公路客运站由于站场面积小、客流量大,使车站周边成为城市交通秩序最为混乱、拥堵最为严重的地区之一.而城市中心区的公路客运站的"边缘化"外迁一度成为解决城市交通拥堵的首选策略.     

东莞市中心区停车改善规划研究

本文以东莞市中心区为案例,对中心区停车发展现状及问题进行了分析,结合东莞市停车发展所处的阶段,提出中心区停车改善目标、改善策略及改善原则,并从停车规划、建设、管理和收费等多个层面,提出东莞市中心区停车改善措施。     

上海高速公路拥堵免费放行入法本月起施行

上海将高速公路收费道口拥堵时车辆免费放行纳入法制轨道，     

上海市停车需求管理政策导向及保障机制

本文阐述了停车需求管理的内涵和框架,指出上海市在中心区实施停车需求管理对缓解交通拥挤的必要性。借鉴国内外城市经验,探讨对上海市建立停车需求管理分区,通过差别化的供给、收费、管理实现有效的停车需求管理。     

洛杉矶和长滩港口拥堵分析及对我国港口发展的启示

新冠肺炎疫情影响下美国西海岸港口出现严重拥堵，导致国际物流和供应链局部断裂。本文首先从供需平衡角度分析洛杉矶港和长滩港的能力适应性问题，根据锚地船舶数量、平均停泊时间等指标对港口拥堵程度进行分析。然后分析美国政府采取的缓解港口拥堵措施，并对政策实施效果进行评价。最后从提升港口服务可靠性、推动疫情防控跨国合作、加强港口生产动态监测等方面对我国港口高质量发展提出对策建议。     

节假日免通行费合理又可行

据北京市交通委消息，端午节期间，高速路收费站前拥堵车辆过多时，将采取车辆免费通行措施。近日，北京市交通委表示，端午节期间将加强对各高速公路管养单位的安全监管工作。当出现进、出京车辆高峰时，严防收费站拥堵，果断采取“复式收费”等措施，特别是当收费站前拥堵车辆过多时，采取车辆免费通行的措施。     

呼和浩特市交通拥挤收费必要性与可行性分析

文章基于拥挤收费理论基础,针对呼和浩特的市区交通拥挤问题,从呼和浩特市机动车增长迅速、人口分布不均衡、交通供给增加的潜力小和严重的拥堵现状等方面出发分析了拥挤收费的必要性,并从政策和经济潜力方面进行了可行性分析,同时给出了实行拥挤收费技术模式的相关建议。     

TOD理念对公交都市建设的启示

反思小汽车导向的城市发展模式20世纪80年代开始国内外城市规划、交通工程等领域的学者开始对以小汽车为导向的城市发展模式进行反思,发现这种交通发展模式下带来的城市问题不仅越来越多,而且后果越来越严重。交通拥挤愈发严重特大城市大部分地区高峰时段道路交通量接近饱和,有的城市中心区交通已接近半瘫痪,部分特大城市已经从上下班拥堵,扩展到不分时段、场合的拥堵。随着个人小汽车进入家庭,交通拥堵正在从特大城市迅     

Traffic and emissions impact of congestion charging in the central Beijing urban area: A simulation analysis

Congestion charging is being considered as a potential measure to address the issue of substantially increased traffic congestion and vehicle emissions in Beijing. This study assessed the impact of congestion charging on traffic and emissions in Beijing using macroscopic traffic simulation and vehicle emissions calculation. Multiple testing scenarios were developed with assumptions in different charging zone sizes, public transit service levels and charging methods. Our analysis results showed that congestion charging in Beijing may increase public transit use by approximately 13%, potentially reduce CO and HC emissions by 60–70%, and reduce NOx emissions by 35–45% within the charging zone. However, congestion charging may also result in increased travel activities and emissions outside of the charging zone and a slight increase in emissions for the entire urban area. The size of charging zone, charging method, and charging rate are key factors that directly influence the impact of congestion charging; improved public transit service needs to be considered as a complementary approach with congestion charging. This study is used by Beijing Transportation Environment and Energy Center (BTEC) as reference to support the development of Beijing’s congestion charging policy and regulation.     

Road pricing for congestion and accident externalities for mixed traffic of motorcycles and automobiles

Motorcycles play an important role in sharing the trip demand with automobiles for commuting, especially in many cities in Asia. However, the accident cost of a trip by motorcycle is higher than that of an automobile. This study analyzes the road pricing for the congestion and accident externalities of mixed traffic of automobiles and motorcycles. A model for equilibrium trips with no taxation and that for optimal trips with taxation are explored. The model is then applied to the Tucheng City–Banciao City–Taipei central business district corridor in Taipei metropolitan area. The findings in this case study show that the tax for accident externality is larger than that for congestion externality.     

Road pricing with complications

The rationale for congestion charges is that by internalising the marginal external congestion cost, they restore efficiency in the transport market. In the canonical model underlying this view, congestion is a static phenomenon, users are taken to be homogenous, there is no travel time risk, and a highly stylised model of congestion is used. The simple analysis also ignores that real pricing schemes are only rough approximations to ideal systems and that inefficiencies in related markets potentially affect the case for congestion charges. The canonical model tends to understate the marginal external congestion cost because it ignores user heterogeneity and trip timing inefficiencies. With respect to the relevance of interactions between congestion and congestion charges and tax distortions and distributional concerns, recent insights point out that there is no general case for modifying charges for such interactions. Therefore the simple Pigouvian rule remains a good first approximation for the design of road charging systems.     

Analysis of the optimal length of road expansion – A case study of the Taipei metropolitan area

This study explores the optimal investment in the length of an expanded section of road to mitigate the congestion on a transportation corridor. It is assumed that one end of the road is in the central business district (CBD) and that the households are uniformly distributed along the road. Each individual makes trips from his/her residence to the CBD. Trip demand is elastic and depends on the cost of the trip (including congestion costs). During the first stage, the government determines the length of the expanded section given the width of that section. In the second stage, road users determine their trip demands by taking into consideration the trip cost function. In the process of solving this problem, the equilibrium traffic volume is first solved using differential equations. The optimal length of the expanded section is then solved by maximizing the social welfare. The analysis is then applied to the case of the Tucheng city – Banciao city – Taipei CBD corridor in the Taipei metropolitan area. The scheme of road expansion without tolling performs closely to the first-best scheme for the case of a high potential demand. This study’s approach can serve as valuable reference for city planners engaged in road planning in a transportation corridor between the CBD and satellite cities in a metropolitan area.     

Implications of congestion charging for departure time choice: Work and non-work schedule flexibility

The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential impacts of implementing variable congestion charging on the peak spreading of departure time choices, taking into account levels of scheduling flexibility of individuals. In particular, this study addresses non-work activities as well as socio-economic characteristics and their influence on scheduling flexibility for work trips. Departure time choice models were calibrated using data collected as part of a larger survey on the consequences of congestion charging on travel choices in the city of Edinburgh. The inclusion of variables related to work and non-work scheduling, as well as socio-economic variables have improved the performance of the models. This suggests that non-work activities, as well as work schedule flexibility have an impact on departure time choice for the journey to work. This means that even for those with flexible work schedules, but with other non-work commitments, the timing of their work trip may not be so flexible. Therefore, for the success of variable congestion charging schemes, other complimentary measures should be introduced in parallel. These include, for example, child care provision at work, opening hours of shops and leisure facilities.     

The Stockholm congestion – charging trial 2006: Overview of effects

The Stockholm congestion charging trial in 2006 demonstrated the effects of a full-scale time-differentiated urban road toll scheme. Improvements in travel times were large enough to be perceived by the general public. This was pivotal to the radical change of public attitudes that occurred during the trial and that resulted in a positive outcome of a subsequent referendum on a proposal for making the system permanent. This paper summarises the effects of the trial and analyses to what extent targets were met. Effects on congestion reduction were larger than anticipated, which also resulted in favourable economic and environmental effects. The trial showed that a single-cordon toll could affect traffic within a large area, i.e., not just close to the zone limits.     

Policy packages for modal shift and CO2 reduction in Lille,France

This paper proposes different policy scenarios to cut CO₂ emissions caused by the urban mobility of passengers. More precisely, we compare the effects of the ‘direct tool’ of carbon tax, to a combination of ‘indirect tools’ – not originally aimed at reducing CO₂ (i.e. congestion charging, parking charges and a reduction in public transport travel time) in terms of CO₂ impacts through a change in the modal split. In our model, modal choices depend on individual characteristics, trip features (including the effects of policy tools), and land use at origin and destination zones. Personal “CO₂ emissions budgets” resulting from the trips observed in the metropolitan area of Lille (France) in 2006 are calculated and compared to the situation related to the different policy scenarios. We find that an increase of 50% in parking charges combined with a cordon toll of €1.20 and a 10% travel time decrease in public transport services (made after recycling toll-revenues) is the winning scenario. The combined effects of all the policy scenarios are superior to their separate effects.     

Applying a structured simulation-based methodology to assess carpooling time–space potential

Abstract

Increasing urban traffic congestion calls for the study of alternative measures. One such measure is carpooling, a system in which a person shares his private vehicle with one or more people in a commuter trip. In principle, this system could lead to potentially significant reductions in the use of private vehicles; however, in practice it has achieved limited success. In this paper, we apply a simulation-based methodology that uses aggregated data from commuter trips in an urban area to create compatible and feasible random trips. These are then analyzed through a heuristic process recursively to find grouping possibilities, thus producing indicators of carpooling potential such as the percentage of matched trips. Using this methodology, simulations are run for the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal) and results show that an increase in the number of participants in a carpooling scheme will only increase the probability of matching up to a certain point, and that this probability varies significantly with time–space trip attributes.     

Optimal cordon pricing in a non-monocentric city

This paper examines the effect of cordon pricing based on an urban spatial model of a non-monocentric city where trips may occur between any pair of locations in the city. The model describes the spatial distribution of trip demand and traffic congestion under alternative pricing schemes. We evaluate the efficiency of resource allocation by comparing three schemes: no-toll equilibrium, first-best optimum, and optimal cordon pricing. Optimal cordon pricing is defined as a combination of cordon location and toll level that maximizes the social surplus in a city. Simulations show that cordon pricing is not always effective for congestion management: cordon pricing tends to be effective as the urban structure is more monocentric.     

Factors driving public support for road congestion reduction policies: Congestion charging,free public transport and more roads in Stockholm,Helsinki and Lyon

Based on an across-the-board survey conducted among residents of Stockholm, Helsinki and Lyon, we explore the opinions on three policy measures to combat road congestion: congestion charging, free public transport and building more roads. The support for the two latter policies is substantially higher than the support for congestion charging, which is only supported by a majority in Stockholm. Self-interest is important for the formation of the opinion to all three policies. However, fundamental values and general political views, indicated by four attitudinal factors, are even more important in forming opinions towards the three transport policies. Of all attitudinal factors, the one indicating environmental concern most influences the support for all policies. Equity concerns, however, increase the support for free public transport and opposition to taxation increases the support for building more roads.Our results further suggest that the opinions towards free public transport and building more roads can be mapped along the left–right political axis, where Environment and Equity are to the left and Pricing and Taxation are to the right. However, the opinion towards congestion charging cuts right through the political spectrum. The impact of the fundamental values and self-interest variables are similar for Stockholm and Helsinki, indicating that even if experience increases the overall support for charging, it does not change the relative strength of different political arguments to any major extent.