柴油机均质混合气制备过程的数值模拟

针对复合式进排气系统燃油喷射混合新技术,对均质压燃(HCCI)柴油机的均质混合气制备过程进行了数值分析。建立了研究对象的物理模型和空气—燃油雾化混合的数学模型,对HCCI柴油机混合气形成过程特点与相关参数进行了详细的数值计算,并对复合式进排气系统内柴油喷雾蒸发和混合气形成过程以及影响因素进行了分析。数值研究表明,提出的复合进排气系统燃油喷射混合气制备技术能有效形成较均匀的预混合气,对进一步开发HCCI柴油机具有指导意义。     

二甲醚均质压燃模式非常规排放的试验研究

在ZS1100柴油机上进行了二甲醚均质压燃、二甲醚—柴油混合燃料燃烧模式下的非常规排放试验研究。试验结果表明,二甲醚均质压燃非常规排放物主要是甲醛,其排放量主要与负荷变化相关,柴油机能够稳定运行的最大扭矩是20 N.m,混合燃料燃烧时,负荷可达到45 N.m。     

乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

以汽油为助溶剂配制出均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,对比分析了单缸四气门135柴油机燃用不同配比混合燃料时的燃烧与排放特性,同时研究了燃用混合燃料时供油提前角变化和使用HL伞喷油嘴对柴油机性能的影响.结果表明:柴油机燃用适当配比的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,动力性、经济性基本保持不变,碳烟和NO2排放显著降低;着火滞燃期延长,缸内平均温度下降,燃烧速率加快,燃烧持续期缩短;当使用HL伞喷油嘴燃用E20G15燃料时,着火滞燃期进一步延长,油气混合速率和混合气均匀度明显提高,在整个工况范围内,气缸压力和缸内平均温度均较低,碳烟和NO2排放同时降低,其燃烧过程具有明显的热预混合燃烧特征.     

柴油机缸内两相流卷吸效应对燃烧模式的影响

预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧是柴油机的基本燃烧模式，本文选取高压共轨直喷柴油机两种典型燃烧室：缩口型燃烧室和扩口型燃烧室，通过仿真计算研究在不同背景气流环境下基于卷吸效应的混合气形成机理。结果发现：喷射初期油束贯穿背景气流时，油束表面小尺度涡流引起的卷吸效应是形成预混合气的主要原因；对一定的喷射条件不同背景气流直接影响卷吸效应；缩口型燃烧室喷射初期卷吸作用强，预混合速率较快，且大部分燃料在燃烧室内部强滚流的作用下快速扩散燃烧，所以属于预混合扩散燃烧(PDC)模式，虽预混合燃烧占比小，但高温区宽；扩口型燃烧室虽喷射初期卷吸效应相对较弱，预混合燃烧速率较低，但油束冲击壁面凸台后形成二次预混合过程，使预混合气形成持续期延长，预混合燃烧占比大，形成双预混合扩散燃烧(DPDC)模式，通过这种DPDC燃烧模式可减小高温区域面积，由此有效抑制NO_x的生成。     

天然气发动机燃烧方式分析

根据混合气形成和着火方式将天然气发动机的燃烧模式分成均质混合气点燃、非均质混合气点燃、均质混合气压燃和非均质混合气压燃/引燃4种。分析了这4种燃烧模式针对发动机性能和排放方面的特点,讨论了目前存在的问题。认为目前最有实用价值的模式为柴油引燃天然气非均质扩散燃烧,因为其热效率高于火花点火发动机,与传统柴油机相当,而有害排放物排放却较柴油机明显降低,并且相对于HCCI更易实现。     

节能减排的新型燃烧过程(一) 从HCCI到CCS和HDC及oCCS燃烧系统

将汽油机的空燃混合气均质化与柴油机的高效压燃结合在一起,并与新型燃料相结合被称之为CCS燃烧过程。这种燃烧过程能够同时降低NOx和微粒排放,并能明显提高效率。     

基于电控喷油定时与EGR率实现柴油机HCCI/常规燃烧双模式的试验研究

针对HCCI燃烧在大负荷时的局限性,开发了基于电控燃油喷射定时和EGR率的车用柴油机双燃烧模式,即在小、中负荷工作时,采用均质压燃预混合燃烧,在大负荷时,采用传统的扩散燃烧模式,克服了均质预混合燃烧模式大负荷性能差的缺点。试验研究了在HCCI区域喷油提前角与EGR率对柴油机性能的影响及二者在HCCI区域的协同作用。分析了HCCI燃烧的缸压和放热率。通过油量MAP与喷油定时MAP的优化和爆震扭矩值确定了双燃烧模式工作下的HCCI扭矩范围及过渡区域扭矩线。试验结果表明:采用电控VP37泵与电控废气再循环系统相结合,通过增大喷油提前角的方式,在一定的负荷范围内实现了准HCCI燃烧,NOx与炭烟排放同时降低;在大负荷范围内采用常规燃烧方式,使CA4D32TC柴油机实现了双燃烧模式工作,具有较好的性能指标。     

柴油机燃烧压力波动特性的试验研究

测量了发动机燃烧过程,分析了燃烧过程中出现的压力波动现象。研究表明,随着转速、负荷、供油提前角等参数的变化,柴油机的滞燃期发生了改变,从而影响了滞燃期内产生可燃混合气的量,导致了缸内压力波动。     

增压中冷柴油机燃用F-T柴油的燃烧特性

在4100QBZL柴油机上对比研究了0号柴油和F-T柴油的燃烧特性。通过对比发现,与燃用柴油相比,柴油机燃用F-T柴油具有如下燃烧特性:燃烧压力峰值较低,峰值出现相位滞后;压力升高率峰值显著降低,峰值出现相位提前;放热率峰值降低明显,峰值出现相位提前;燃烧温度峰值基本不变,但峰值出现相位滞后;滞燃期显著减小,预混合燃烧期增大,扩散燃烧期在低负荷时增大,高负荷时减小;预/扩燃烧系数和预/扩燃烧率均较低;有效热效率和燃油经济性有所提升。     

高原环境下油品对柴油机燃烧特性的影响研究

在模拟高原条件下,针对3种不同品质的柴油(十六烷值和馏分)对某增压柴油机的燃烧特性的影响规律进行了研究分析,并据此简要分析在高原运行时出现活塞烧蚀故障与所用油品的关系。结果显示:目前在用柴油由于其十六烷值低,柴油不易被压燃着火,滞燃期长,且初馏温度低,柴油容易蒸发,预混合燃烧期内积累的热量多,造成缸内压力的升高速率增大,燃烧过程粗暴;海拔升高,空气密度下降,柴油的着火时间延长,燃烧速度加快,最大压力升高率增大,由此产生强烈的热负荷和机械负荷冲击,容易造成活塞烧蚀。     

柴油微引燃乙醇发动机燃烧、性能及排放特性研究

柴油微引燃乙醇发动机采用进气道喷射乙醇、缸内直喷微量柴油引燃的方式进行燃料供给。基于单缸四冲程柴油机,对其燃烧、性能及排放特性进行研究,固定引燃柴油喷射量为发动机能实现压燃着火的最小值,在进气压力为0.15 MPa时比较不同乙醇喷射量的工况组,通过改变柴油喷射时刻进行工况扫描。结果表明,引燃柴油的喷射时刻对发动机的燃烧、性能和排放影响显著。柴油微引燃乙醇发动机在中高负荷能够稳定运行,指示热效率可达34%以上,通过适当调节柴油喷射时刻,可以有效控制未燃碳氢(UHC)、NO_x与CO排放,同时可以实现极低的炭烟排放。柴油微引燃乙醇发动机燃烧模式为预混合或部分预混合燃烧,燃烧有两阶段放热特征,改变引燃柴油喷射时刻,可以有效控制燃烧相位。     

Effects of the fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine applied with the split injection method

Currently, due to the severity of world-wide air pollution by substances emitted from vehicles, emission control is being enforced more strictly, and it is expected that the regulation requirements for emission will become even more severe. A new concept combustion technology that can reduce the Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM in relation to combustion is urgently required. As a core combustion technology among new combustion technologies for the next generation engine, the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is expanding its application range by adopting a multiple combustion mode, a catalyst, direct fuel injection and partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion using the split injection method. This paper used a split injection method in order to apply the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion method without significantly altering engine specifications of the multiple combustion mode and practicality by referring to the results of studies on the HCCI engine. Furthermore, the effects of the ratio of the fuel injection amount on split injection are investigated. From the test results, the adequate combination of the ratio of the fuel injection amount for the split injection method has some benefit on exhaust and fuel economy performance in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine.     

Enhancement of NOx-PM trade-off in a diesel engine adopting bio-ethanol and EGR

For realizing a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, the effects of bio-ethanol blend oil and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the compression ratio of 17.8. In the present experiment, the ethanol blend ratio and the EGR ratio were varied focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusive combustion, smoke, NOx and the thermal efficiency. Very low levels of 1.5 [g/kWh] NOx and 0.02 [g/kWh] PM, which is close to the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of the thermal efficiency in the PCCI engine operated with the 50% ethanol blend fuel and the EGR ratio of 0.2. It is found that this improvement can be achieved by formation of the premixed charge condition resulting from a longer ignition delay. A marked increase in ignition delay is due to blending ethanol with low cetane number and large latent heat, and due to lowering in-cylinder gas temperature on compression stroke based on the EGR. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under a highly premixed condition.     

Effect of a 2-stage injection strategy on the combustion and flame characteristics in a PCCI engine

Recently, to reduce environmental pollution and the waste of limited energy resources, there is an increasing requirement for higher engine efficiency and lower levels of harmful emissions. A premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, which uses a 2-stage type injection, has drawn attention because this combustion system can simultaneously reduce the amount of NOx and PM exhausted from diesel engines. It is well known that the fuel injection timing and the spray angle in a PCCI engine affect the mixture formation and the combustion. To acquire two optimal injection timings, the combustion and emission characteristics of the PCCI engine were analyzed with various injection conditions. The flame visualization was performed to validate the result obtained from the engine test. This study reveals that the optimum injection timings are BTDC 60° for the first injection and ATDC 5° for the second injection. In addition, the injection ratio of 3 to 7 showed the best NOx and PM emission results.     

柴油引燃预混合天然气实现准均质压燃着火燃烧方式的理论研究

通过重新构建引燃油着火模型和双燃料燃烧模型，对在不同当量比情况下，引燃油雾化、蒸发与着火的特点及对燃烧过程的影响进行了较深入的理论研究，提出了柴油引燃预混合天然气实现准均质压燃着火的引燃油喷油特性。     

Gasoline multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI): Controllable, high efficiency and clean combustion mode in direct injection engines

A novel combustion concept namely “multiple premixed compression ignition” (MPCI) in gasoline direct injection compression ignition (GDICI) regime is proposed. Its predominant feature is the first premixed and followed quasipremixed combustion processes in a sequence of “spray-combustion-spray-combustion”. The multiple-stage premixed combustion decouples the pressure rise with pollutants formation process, which means the pressure rise rate and emissions can be reduced simultaneously, while achieving a high thermal efficiency. The gasoline MPCI mode has been demonstrated in a research engine with a compression ratio of 18.5. Gasoline with the research octane number (RON) of 94.4 was tested under 1400 rpm, 0.6 MPa IMEP conditions, without EGR and intake boosting. A parameter study of common rail pressure and intake temperature was implemented to investigate their effects on the performance of MPCI mode. Compared to the single-stage diffusion combustion in traditional diesel engines, the gasoline MPCI mode achieves lower emissions of soot, NO, CO, as well as slightly higher indicated efficiency, with a penalty of higher THC emissions when the common rail pressure is larger than 80 MPa in this study. With intake temperature sweeping, the gasoline MPCI mode also has the foregoing advantages compared to the diesel under the same operating conditions.     

EGR增压柴油机的燃烧及排放特性研究

在1台增压中冷柴油机上,采用从涡轮前取气回流到压气机后的高压EGR系统,研究了恒定转速不同负荷下发动机的燃烧和排放特性。在同一工况下,随着EGR率增加,压缩终了混合气温度升高,着火延迟期缩短,燃气压力和温度下降,燃烧持续期延长。分析了柴油机燃烧过程及排放污染物的形成机理。研究发现,当发动机负荷由大变小时,随着EGR率增加,CO的形成因受温度控制增幅越来越大,HC受着火延迟期和供氧的影响增幅越来越小,NO_x的降幅几乎随EGR率呈线性变化,而排气烟度则呈二阶多项式趋势的恶化。     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

发动机燃用生物柴油对NO_x排放影响的试验研究

在一台涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上分别燃用生物柴油、掺混油和石化柴油进行试验,对滞燃期、燃烧始点、燃烧压力、燃烧温度、预混燃烧放热规律和扩散燃烧放热规律等燃烧参数对NOx排放的影响进行了研究。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,发动机滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,最高燃烧压力增加,最高燃烧温度上升,预混燃烧累积放热率减小,扩散燃烧累积放热率增大;燃烧参数的变化是造成NOx排放升高的主要原因。