火灾对埋地管道中油品温度影响的数值研究

地面发生火灾时,土壤中原有的热平衡被破坏,土壤温度、地下管道温度将产生变化,从而进一步影响管内输送介质的温度,使其不断升高,当油品温度升高到一定值时,管道安全将受到影响.针对此情况建立非稳态传热模型,给出了微分方程;运用有限差分法对模型进行了数值模拟计算,其中对管道采取分段传热计算,并对结果进行分析.通过该研究,得出发生火灾后,埋地管道内输送油品的沿程温度变化规律,从而为火灾后的埋地输油管道性能安全评估提供了科学依据.     

异型伴热管技术

在简介高温流体通过固体壁进行热传递的计算公式后，介绍了一种新型拌热管技术。实践表明，采用异型伴热管能提高伴热温度，降低能耗，是一种有发展前景的伴热方法。     

ERW输油管道试压爆裂原因分析及安全评价

某新建的273.1mm×6.0mmX52ERW输油管道在试压过程中发生了多起爆裂事故。对输油管道爆裂事故进行了深入的调查研究,对爆裂的管线管断口和裂纹进行了宏观分析和微观分析,对管线管焊缝质量和材质进行了全面试验分析。认为管线管爆裂原因主要是在电阻焊过程中工艺不当,产生了未焊透缺陷和裂纹,在试压过程中管线管从这些原始的焊接缺陷位置发生了爆裂事故。采用失效评估诊断技术和Mente-Carlo失效概率技术对试压合格的管线进行了适用性评价(Fitness-forser-vice),认为管线管经过压力试验后仍存在小的未焊透缺陷和裂纹,带有这些焊接缺陷的管线按设计的压力运行可能会发生爆裂事故,因此该管线应当降压运行。经过分析给出了该管线最大运行压力。     

超稠油输油管线工程集肤效应管制作施工方法

结合特油2#站至石化分公司超稠油管线工程和特油杜84块管输工程施工情况,介绍了超稠油管线集肤效应管现场制作、除锈、防腐、组对、焊接、保温、检验等工序施工情况,其中着重介绍了集肤效应管结构;120°集肤效应管焊接变形原因,反变形卡具的设计;伴热管二连一组对、焊接要求,伴热管与主管线组对、焊接要求及注意问题;集肤效应管底漆、面漆喷漆时温度控制、时间间隔、厚度等要求.对各工序质量问题产生的原因进行分析,并提出相应对策.     

伴热稠油管道停输温降数值模拟

基于有限容积法,建立伴热稠油管道停输过程的非稳态传热模型,采用＂焓-多孔度＂技术,利用FLUENT软件,分别对伴热管与稠油管同时停输及稠油管道单独停输两种情况进行了数值模拟,并考虑了析蜡潜热对温降的影响,得出了不同时刻管内原油凝固区、混合区、液油区的位置及温度场的分布。结果表明：两种情况下,稠油固化过程基本相同。稠油管道单独停输时,管内原油温降速率比双管同停温降速率略慢,但在一定时间内相差不大。随着停输时间的延长,两种情况下管内稠油温降速率变化明显,说明伴热管对稠油管道短期停输影响不大。文中给出安全停输时间,为工程设计提供一定指导。     

南京纬三路过江通道液氮冻结盾尾刷更换技术及温度实测研究

文章结合南京纬三路过江通道长距离盾构掘进盾尾刷严重渗漏、涌砂冒水工程实例,给出了液氮冻结止水及盾尾刷更换方案,分析了高水压下液氮冻结止水总去及各分支回路中的温度变化规律,以及不同土层、不同深度的土体温度变化规律。结果表明:初期冻结管进出口处液氮温差大,6 d后基本稳定在35℃;卵石层降温速度最快,砾砂层次之,粉细砂层降温速度最慢,在距离冻结管600 mm范围内,卵石层、砾砂层、粉细砂层的冻土锋面平均推进速度分别为15.5 cm/d、12.5 cm/d、8.3 cm/d;因受隧道内空气对流换热影响,管片与土交界处温度高于土层内温度。液氮冻结13 d即已形成完整的冻结壁,开始进行盾尾刷更换,从开始冻结到完成更换总需时22 d。     

降凝剂在低输量管线中的应用

低输量输油管道运行风险大,且无法通过调整输送工艺从根本上降低运行风险.降凝剂被认为是解决该问题的有效手段之一.文中阐述了降凝剂对原油的作用机理和其在输油管道上的实际应用效果,分析了在任丘-北京输油管线开展的降凝剂应用试验,通过对比试验结果,可以得出：降凝剂改善了油品凝点、黏度等物理性质,降低了低输量管线的运行风险,提高了管线运营的经济效益.     

基于红外成像的埋地热油管道定位方法

对埋地输油管道进行了传热分析,建立了埋地输油管道三维物理模型。通过简化物理模型,建立了埋地输油管道三维数学模型,并通过CFD软件进行了模拟计算。输油管道热影响区域在地面红外成像分布比较明显,输油管道在地面投影区域温度明显偏高。进行了红外成像管道定位实验测试,由于土壤热物性不同,在输油管道地面热影响区域温度场分布并不非常均匀。模拟计算和实验研究表明:输油管道热影响区域在地面模拟红外成像分布情况和实际情况吻合。     

同沟敷设输油管道热力计算

为准确便捷地计算同沟敷设输油管道沿线温度,文中对同沟敷设输油管道周围土壤稳态传热温度场与沿线温度解析计算方法进行研究。建立了管道周围土壤稳态传热温度场计算模型,应用保角变换法对模型进行求解,导出了土壤稳态传热温度场与输油管道沿线温度解析表达式。在一定参数条件下应用该解析表达式进行实例计算,并对计算结果进行验证分析,结果显示最大误差仅为0.58℃,表明该解析计算方法能够满足工程需要。     

地面保温管道的温降设计

根据列宾宗温降（考虑摩擦热）公式，计算架空保温管路在不伴热条件下油品温度沿管长的分布情况。由于油品物理性质和总传热系统Ｋ值都随温度而变化。故采用有限单元法，每隔ｎ℃（自己设置ｎ值）计算出一个管长值，累加得总管长，对于管内壁温度Ｔｂｉ（Ｔｉ）和管外壁温度Ｔｂｉ＋１（Ｔｉ）的求解，采用试算法求解。另外，本文还讨论了不同保温层厚度、不同流速以及摩擦热对管线温降的影响。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.