盘式制动器制动尖叫的有限元分析与试验

建立了产生制动尖叫的钳盘式制动器各主要零件的有限元模型,并通过集成构建了制动器总成的接触摩擦耦合有限元模型,计算了制动器振动系统的复特征值分布和模态,分析了可能产生制动尖叫的不稳定模态,并与制动噪声台架试验统计结果进行了对比,结果表明所建模型能够较好地预测出制动器发生制动尖叫的倾向;分析了各零件的振动模态对产生制动尖叫不稳定模态的贡献大小,揭示出有尖叫倾向的不稳定模态是由子结构未耦合时的多阶振动模态叠加而成;分析讨论了摩擦因数、摩擦片结构及其背板阻尼对制动尖叫的影响,为控制制动尖叫提供了途径。     

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis and shape optimization for reducing uneven wear of brake pads

In vehicle braking systems, the non-uniform contact pressure distribution on the brake pad is a major cause of uneven wear. The experimental approach of the wear phenomenon is the time consuming and costly. For this reason, a threedimensional finite element (FE) model of a brake system is presented for numerical simulation in this paper. A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is carried out to confirm the non-uniform contact pressure distribution. A correlation between the non-uniform contact pressure and uneven wear is confirmed by measuring the amount of wear in the brake pad. The shape optimization of the brake pad is performed to reduce the uneven wear. In addition, the simulation results, such as natural frequency and temperature, are compared to experimental results.     

盘式制动器制动噪声影响因素的有限元分析

盘式制动器的制动振动噪声是一个复杂的非线性动力学问题。文章利用有限元软件建立了基于面接触的有限元模型,克服简单利用弹簧来模拟接触的不足,通过复特征值分析预测制动噪声。通过改变摩擦因数、制动力、阻尼及温度等参数,建立了符合实际工况的制动器有限元模型,并分析这些参数对系统稳定性的影响。结果表明降低温度、减小摩擦因数、减小制动力和增大阻尼可以减小制动器的制动噪声。     

Analysis of automotive disc brake squeal considering damping and design modifications for pads and a disc

The squeal noise occurring from the disc brakes of passenger cars has been analyzed by using the complex eigenvalue method numerically. The contact between a disc and two pads was analytically modeled as many linear springs and dampers in an effort to develop the improved equation of motion derived on the basis of Lagrange’s equation and the assumed mode method. The finite element modal analysis results for disc brake components constitute an eigenvalue matrix in the analytical equation of motion. The complex eigenvalue analyses based on the equations of motion are able to examine the dynamic instability of a brake system, which is an onset of squeal, by considering the disc rotational effect. Numerical analyses showed that the modes unstable in an undamped analysis became stable in a damped case, which illustrates the important effect of damping on the squeal instability in a brake squeal simulation. Then several modified brake models were suggested and investigated how effectively they suppressed the occurrence of squeal noise. The brake parts such as a pad chamfer and a disc vane were modified and the influence of pad chamfer and vane shapes on squeal occurrence was proved to be significant. The numerical results showed that proper structural modification of a disc brake system can suppress the brake squeal to some extent.     

Numerical Study for Brake Squeal by Machining Patterns on Frictional Surface

Automotive brake noise has become a stubborn problem as automotive cars achieve higher driving torques, since that the increased torque induces the generation of severe noise dissipation during brake operation. Moreover, the global brake tuning market for achieving higher performance of the vehicle has expanded recently. The need to control the noise grows more in this connection. The tuning brake kits have employed cross-drilled and slotted machining pattern on the surface of the rotor. These designs have advantages to improve air ventilation, temperature control, and surface cleaning of brake pad. However, the effects of modal frequency by patterned rotor surfaces are rarely discussed, even if it is highly related with brake squeal phenomenon. Therefore, this study deals with the relationship between patterned surfaces and brake squeal through the numerical methods. The commercial software of a finite element analysis is employed for calculation by varying geometric design factors of each rotor pattern. As a result, the cross-drilled machining patterns are concluded to be an influential factor for in-plane mode frequency while the slotted patterns have more leverage for out-of-plane mode frequency.     

金属带式无级变速传动系统的振动模态

本文建立了速比i=2.0、i=0.5两种工况下的金属带式无级变速传动系统的实体和有限元模型，针对其复杂的结构，提出了节点－节点离散杆单元模型，简化并建立了系统的结构动态模型。运用灵敏度 Lanczos迭代法求解系统的振动模态。在车辆传动实验台上采集了运行过程中传动系统的加速响应信号。在此基础上运用环境激励的模态分析方法识别了系统的固有特性参数，并与理论计算值进行了比较。结果证明本文提出模型的正确合理性。该研究所用的方法及计算的结果有助于提高无级变速器传动系统的运行平稳性，为降低系统在运行过程中产生的噪声提供理论参考。     

Hot judder simulation of a ventilated disc and design of an improved disc using sensitivity analysis

In a disc brake system, thermal expansion of the material is caused by friction energy that is generated by the sliding contact between a disc and pad during braking. This phenomenon, thermo-elastic instability, can lead to hot spots on the disc surface and a hot judder phenomenon. Transient finite element analysis has been used to simulate this phenomenon. Three dimensional finite element models of a disc, pad, and cylinder were created. Each part was connected by a joint. Contact condition was applied to the disc and pad with a friction coefficient (μ) of 0.4. A convective heat transfer coefficient was set as 40 W/m²K. Using a commercial program SAMCEF, the simulation of the thermo-mechanically coupled system was performed. In order to find the sensitive parameters of brake judder, sensitivity analysis was carried out with consideration for disc design parameters. As a result, the hot spot phenomenon was confirmed and hot judder was predicted. Moreover, the more sensitive parameters of the hot judder phenomenon were presented. Finally, an improved disc model and an analysis technique were verified by comparison to dynamo test results.     

某型轿车盘式制动器制动噪声的控制

对某型轿车盘式制动器进行了台架试验,发现该制动器主要制动噪声频率在3kHz附近。采用有限元FEA分析手段对制动盘、制动钳壳体、制动钳支架和摩擦片进行了振动特性分析。结果表明,制动钳支架的7阶振动模态是导致制动噪声产生的原因之一。对制动钳支架结构设计进行了改进,并对装有改进后制动钳支架的盘式制动器进行了台架试验。结果表明,制动器冷态制动噪声从100.5 dB下降为73.4 dB,达到了该车型对制动器噪声的限值要求。     

盘式制动器制动尖叫的研究

制动尖叫是由摩擦耦合诱发和顺各部件的模态参数匹配不当引起的系统不稳定现象，针对一个有尖叫倾向的实际样车，通过有限元方法提取制动器各部件的模态参数，以制动器的每个部件作为一个子结构，应用自由界面法进行模态综合，得到了与实际尖叫情形相符的耦合模型；应用耦合模型，通过分析子结构模态与耦合系统不稳定模态的关系，这量地得到了各子结构模态对制尖叫的影响大小，从而得到了决定尖叫产生与不否的关键因素－支架的第１１     

面向制动噪声的盘式制动器零部件实模态分析

基于实模态分析理论和有限元法，研究了某盘式制动器的制动噪声问题，分别建立了制动盘、制动块、制动钳钳体和制动钳支架的有限元模型，计算了它们固有频率在20kHz以下的各阶实模态，并对与制动噪声有关的各阶模态进行了分析。     

Development of aluminum metal matrix composites (Al-MMC) brake rotor and pad

Improvement in fuel consumption rate requires a reduction in vehicle weight. Research and development for materials substitution in the brake rotor, from the conventional cast iron to aluminum, has been undertaken. In this study, we developed aluminum metal matrix composites brake rotor and pads, which have equivalent braking effects and wear resistance to those of the conventional cast iron rotor, by optimization of the quantities and the particle diameter ratio of hard particles used for the rotor and the pad.     

Vossloh300扣件阻尼频变对高铁高频振动的影响研究

以Vossloh300扣件胶垫为研究对象，利用配备温度箱的万能试验机测得其在-60℃~20℃的耗能刚度。在试验基础上结合温频等效原理及车辆-轨道垂向耦合Timoshenko梁模型，在频域内探究该型扣件频变阻尼对高铁轮轨系统动力特性的影响。结果表明:Vossloh300扣件胶垫在20℃，4 Hz激振频率下阻尼系数约152.2 kN/（m·s-1）。Vossloh300扣件频变阻尼主要影响车辆-轨道垂向耦合系统1/3倍频中心频率22 Hz以上的振动响应，即:①增大车辆和轨道系统22~56 Hz的中高频振动，同时减小其60~256 Hz的高频振动；②在512~1 500 Hz范围内，钢轨垂向1/3倍频加速度振级最大值增大了5 dB，同时，扣件力1/3倍频幅值最大值减小了92%。因此，为精确预测高速铁路车辆及轮下结构随机振动响应，需考虑扣件胶垫的阻尼频变特性。     

Measurement of the disc-pad friction coefficient for mechanical brakes using direct and indirect methods

It is necessary to guarantee the proper brake force to stop a train safely in a limited distance and o adjust its speed. Currently, most trains are run by electrical power and have a combined electrical and mechanical (friction) braking system. The mechanical brake force is determined by many parameters, such as the friction coefficient of the brake disc and pad, the pressure in the brake cylinder, the brake cylinder’s cross sectional area and the brake linkage ratio. In general, the friction coefficient data of the brake disc and pad have been taken through a dynamo-test in a laboratory, but these data might not be well matched with real data under operating conditions because of the difference in data acquisition conditions. The present study examined two methodologies that can measure the friction coefficient of the brake pad and disc based on a train’s real operating conditions. The first method was the direct method, which measured the brake force and clamping force applied on the mechanical brake by using strain gauges installed on the brake to calculate the friction coefficient. The second was an indirect method that obtained the friction coefficient by using the weight of the train and the equivalent brake force. Those variables were calculated from the longitudinal dynamic characteristics, such as resistance to motion, gradient resistance and curved resistance. These two methodologies were used to obtain the disc-pad friction coefficient for the mechanical brakes of a Korean high-speed train (HSR350x).     

浮钳盘式制动器及其零部件的模态分析

通过对比浮钳式盘式制动器各零部件的有限元模态分析和试验模态分析所得出的模态阵型,验证了有限元模型的正确性。根据理论及试验的结果拟合出了各零部件的材料参数,并排除了制动抖动是由制动器部件的共振引起的可能性。     

用模态综合模型对制动器噪声进行模拟分析与抑制

综述了对于制动器噪声问题能进行较为有效控制且得到应用的研究技术成果,利用在研究制动器噪声问题发生机理的基础上发展的系统模态综合模型分析方法,对一个存在低频噪声的制动器进行了分析.找出了影响噪声发生的关键构件是制动器支架,对其进行了改进设计,通过按照SAE J2521标准进行的台架试验,证明其有效性,并将原制动器按SAE...     

盘式制动器制动尖叫计算模型的建立

借助于有限元和模态综合技术，建立了盘式制动器制动尖叫的摩擦耦合模型。通过复特征分析，得到了对应于每阶段动模态的阻尼与频率，模态阻尼值揭示了哪 些模态不稳定并有可能产生尖叫；最后运用耦合模型研究了摩擦系数和子结构模态对制动尖叫的影响。     

鼓式制动器噪声机理及对策研究

归纳了鼓式制动器噪声研究现有方法，成果及存在问题，通过台架试验分析某型鼓式制动器制动噪声频率特性以及制动噪声不同频率成分的发生概率，并用有限元模态分析及试验模态分析，研究了制动噪声与制动器零件固有频率之间的关系。发现500～1000Hz范围的制动噪声可能与制动鼓、制动蹄及制动底板的相互作用有关，提出了制动底板加质量块及阻尼垫片的降噪方案。     

Low-frequency vibration control of floating slab tracks using dynamic vibration absorbers

This study aims to effectively and robustly suppress the low-frequency vibrations of floating slab tracks (FSTs) using dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs). First, the optimal locations where the DVAs are attached are determined by modal analysis with a finite element model of the FST. Further, by identifying the equivalent mass of the concerned modes, the optimal stiffness and damping coefficient of each DVA are obtained to minimise the resonant vibration amplitudes based on fixed-point theory. Finally, a three-dimensional coupled dynamic model of a metro vehicle and the FST with the DVAs is developed based on the nonlinear Hertzian contact theory and the modified Kalker linear creep theory. The track irregularities are included and generated by means of a time–frequency transformation technique. The effect of the DVAs on the vibration absorption of the FST subjected to the vehicle dynamic loads is evaluated with the help of the insertion loss in one-third octave frequency bands. The sensitivities of the mass ratio of DVAs and the damping ratio of steel-springs under the floating slab are discussed as well, which provided engineers with the DVA's adjustable room for vibration mitigation. The numerical results show that the proposed DVAs could effectively suppress low-frequency vibrations of the FST when tuned correctly and attached properly. The insertion loss due to the attachment of DVAs increases as the mass ratio increases, whereas it decreases with the increase in the damping ratio of steel-springs.     

基于典型道路谱的汽车制动摩擦片寿命预测

文章基于能量磨损机理提出了一种汽车制动摩擦片磨损寿命预测的方法,对车辆制动安全性以及摩擦材料利用率的提升具有一定的现实意义。以车辆制动系统中的摩擦片为研究对象,在制动盘冷却试验基础上建立制动摩擦副热力学模型,旨在探明不同工况下摩擦副热力学特征的变化规律。根据能量磨损机理研究制动温度对材料磨损量的影响关系,结合温度分布特征与摩擦材料磨损率提出摩擦片磨损量的评价标准,建立制动摩擦片的磨损寿命预测模型。基于典型公路道路试验路谱的动力学参数进行摩擦片磨损寿命预测,与试验结果相比其磨损寿命预测具有较好的一致性,为汽车制动系统参数设计及制动摩擦材料寿命研究提供了指导依据。     

路基本体材料参数敏感性分析

为研究影响铁路轨道-路基结构动力特性的因素,文中通过有限元仿真分析,建立三维模型,研究路基本体材料不同的阻尼比、泊松比、弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角参数下轨道-路基动力特性,对比分析各参数对轨道-路基动力特性影响程度。结果表明:各结构层动力特性对路基本体材料参数的敏感性依次为弹性模量、凝聚力和内摩擦角、泊松比、阻尼比。