深埋软岩隧洞围岩变形控制方法

变形控制是软岩隧洞稳定性调控的主要手段,规范和现有文献均给出了变形和变形速率控制指标或方法,但绝大部分成果是依据浅埋隧洞经验总结而得,不能很好地适用深埋隧洞围岩变形压力大的情况,且仅侧重变形收敛判断,无法据此起到施工过程及时调控或者将其作为调控依据的作用。文章针对此问题,在对深埋绿泥石片岩隧洞挤压变形洞段围岩变形特征分析的基础上,建立了多变形指标围岩稳定控制方法,并以变形量和变形速率为主要指标,辅以变形和变形速率模式分析,可考虑施工过程中围岩变形的时空效应,对围岩稳定性进行及时调控,避免了深埋软岩隧洞围岩挤压变形问题的出现。研究成果可为深埋软岩隧洞施工开挖过程中围岩稳定调控提供有效技术手段。     

尼泊尔那苏瓦卡里水电站地应力测量及围岩破坏机理分析

尼泊尔那苏瓦卡里水电站隧洞工程大部分埋深较大,在高地应力状态下很可能会面临软岩变形和硬岩岩爆等复杂地质灾害。文章采用水压致裂法对尼泊尔那苏瓦卡里水电站进行了三维地应力测量,测点处的最大主应力为10.47 MPa,方位角为18°和15°,近水平;中间主应力为9.01 MPa,方位角和倾角分别为158°和71°,倾角较大;最小主应力为6.34 MPa,方位角和倾角分别为285°和12°。工程区现今地壳应力场表现为构造应力起主导作用的基本特征,工程区地应力状态为中等应力水平。根据测量结果对隧洞围岩破坏机理进行了研究,结果表明,隧洞围岩破坏形式为劈裂剥落,隧洞轴线与主应力方向大角度相交以及中等偏高的应力水平是导致围岩发生破坏的主要原因。     

不同地质条件浅埋偏压小净距隧道施工力学效应研究

在不同地质条件下浅埋偏压小净距隧道的施工力学效应会有很大不同,尤其在半软半硬岩层中,隧道开挖会破坏软硬岩层交界处软弱围岩的稳定性,其施工力学效应更为特殊。文章采用有限差分软件FLAC3D对15种工况下隧道开挖进行了模拟,对均质硬岩、均质软岩和竖向半软半硬岩中不同净距隧道的拱顶沉降、中岩墙的水平位移、中岩墙最大主应力和围岩塑性区进行了分析。结果表明,均质硬岩隧道拱顶沉降最小,竖向半软半硬岩隧道拱顶沉降和硬岩比较接近,软弱围岩隧道拱顶沉降最大;竖向半软半硬岩隧道中岩柱上部围岩稳定性较差,中部水平位移最大;隧道开挖引起软岩侧洞室上覆盖层围岩稳定性变差,可能引起隧道坍塌。     

深埋引水隧洞软弱围岩支护结构受力特征研究

文章依托工程实例,针对深埋软弱围岩引水隧洞支护体系的受力特征,开展了现场试验研究,并基于强度折减理论和数值模拟分析,提出了一种计算软岩隧洞施工期间二次衬砌承载力及其强度安全系数的方法,对围岩和二次衬砌的稳定性进行了评估分析。研究表明:边墙部位锚杆发挥拉拔支护效应明显,根据锚杆中性点位置推测出的软弱围岩塑性区有不断发展和扩张的趋势;初期支护钢拱架架设后能立即发挥支护作用,给予围岩较大的支护力;采用该方法求出的二次衬砌在施工期间将参与承担12%的围岩释放荷载,墙脚应力集中部位的安全系数最小,二次衬砌承载特征的计算结论与二次衬砌接触压力的现场试验结论基本吻合。成果可为深埋软弱围岩条件下的隧洞修建提供一定参考。     

浅埋山岭隧道软岩段塌方原因分析及处理技术

文章以某浅埋山岭隧道软岩段塌方处理为工程背景,总结和分析了软岩段隧道塌方的原因,认为:(1)山岭隧道软岩段允许爆破振动速度10 cm/s的指标偏大,在分步开挖时,反复的爆破振动会超过岩体的爆破振动耐受值;(2)在软岩偏压段,监控量测频率应当随隧道开挖工法的变化而变化,需建立动态的隧道塌方预警系统;(3)对塌方段以"稳定塌体,填充塌腔,超前注浆,谨慎通过"的总体处理原则,加强对山岭隧道软岩段爆破振动速度的控制,采用"横分纵错,一次起爆,分步延时"爆破技术降低爆破振动,可快速安全地通过软岩隧道段。     

膨胀软岩路床处理措施及施工工艺

分析膨胀软岩的工程性质,针对工程特点,提出处治措施,并结合施工经验,对膨胀性软岩改性处理的施工工艺提出一些见解和体会.     

掌鸠河引水供水工程TBM施工段相关工程地质问题探讨

文章介绍了上公山隧洞TBM掘进过程中遇到的断层破碎带、节理密集带、软岩大变形、岩溶、地下水等主要工程地质问题,并详细地论述了相应的工程处理措施;同时指出,虽然TBM对于不良地质条件适应性较差,但只要给予足够的重视,借鉴以往TBM施工中取得的经验与教训,并针对不同的工程地质条件,分别采取相应的处理措施,TBM是可以安全、快速地通过不良地质地段的.     

超特长隧洞集群TBM试掘进阶段存在的问题与施工技术发展方向

北疆供水二期工程总长540 km,其中隧洞段长度516 km。隧洞采用以TBM为主并结合钻爆法进行施工,其中支洞施工采用2台TBM,正洞施工采用18台TBM和3台盾构。单台掘进长度均超过15 km,最长掘进26km。TBM施工面临着集群掘进、不良地质及极硬岩穿越、超长距离施工等风险和难题,对隧洞的设计与施工技术提出了新的挑战。通过试掘进阶段的工作总结与分析,为进一步提高TBM的安全高效掘进技术水平,文章提出了超特长隧洞TBM施工今后发展的几个研究方向:1)适应TBM快速掘进的实时超前地质预报技术;2)地质适应性更强的TBM装备;3)智能化掘进技术;4)设备状态实时监测技术;5)围岩分级方法及相应的支护体系;6)辅助破岩技术;7)超长距离隧洞独头高压通风技术;8)超长距离皮带运输技术。通过改进TBM设备性能、优化隧洞设计和施工技术,从而提高设备对各种地质的适应能力,实现超长隧洞TBM的安全高效掘进。     

兰渝铁路三叠系板岩隧道变形机理与围岩分级预报探究

文章以兰渝线三叠系高地应力软岩隧道大变形的围岩特征为基础,结合国内其它软岩变形隧道的施工经验和研究成果,分析了变形受控的地质因素及特殊地质条件,探究了软岩变形机理;并结合超前地质预报TSP成果,初步建立了半定量化的高地应力区软岩围岩分级预报体系,为隧道大变形控制技术设计提供了科学、准确的地质依据。     

堡镇隧道高地应力软岩大变形地段施工技术要点及体会

结合宜万铁路堡镇隧道高地应力软岩大变形地段的施工实践,针对砂质粉砂质页岩、泥质页岩、炭质页岩、砂质泥岩、炭质泥岩等软岩地层在高地应力作用下的变形特征,总结出一套相对有效的高地应力软岩大变形隧道施工应对技术措施.     

Bicycles in large cities in China

Bicycles are a main means of transport in China. This paper discusses several aspects of the current situation and future policy, including the production of bicycles, their possession and utilization in typical large cities, the reasons for their importance in communication, the advantages and problems of bicycle traffic, and two different opinions on solving the existing problems. The paper also deals with road design for bicycles and their regulation in China's cities.     

Travel choices in alcohol-related situations in Virginia

Transportation - Using survey data from 3004 respondents aged 21 and older in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and the Tidewater area, this paper identifies factors associated with respondents’...     

Parking policies in large cities in Germany

This article deals with highly motorized large West German cities of about 200,000 inhabitants and more, which usually provide reasonable public transport systems. Illegal parking with shares of about 40 to 50% of the total parking is widespread in the parking problem areas of those cities, especially in the inner-city residential and mixed-use areas. Parking spaces are demanded by residents, employees, customers and visitors, and by delivery and service traffic. The different characteristics of parking demands by different user groups are discussed. The total parking supply consists of public and private spaces. The share of private spaces is about 40 to 50% of the total parking spaces in German cities. The amount of car traffic generated by a parking space depends on parking duration and parking turnover, as well as on search traffic. So the change of a space from long-duration use of an employee to short-duration of customers — as often discussed in parking concepts — generates at least five-fold car traffic. The measurements and effects of parking control of public spaces as well as the parking regulations in zoning ordinances, restrictions on the construction of new private parking spaces and park-and-ride are discussed. Finally, a parking concept methodology — using the example of Frankfurt am Main — is discussed.     

Role of transport in rural development in Africa

Rural Africa is starved of transport services. The transport routes run towards the export enclaves and the coast.

The political, social and developmental rural transport benefits are discussed. Rural transport will help (i) integrate the country and ease its governance; (ii) widen markets; (iii) induce increased agricultural output, through new technologies, reduced transport costs, etc. The transport cost savings should be passed on to rural firms and producers. The paper warns against their accruing only to middlemen — agricultural parastatals inclusive, thereby stifling the benefits to production. This could happen under some forms of pan‐territorial pricing. Negative aspects of road development, e.g. the substitution of local goods by imports, increased migration and noise, are noted.

The place and role of project appraisal in rural road planning is acknowledged. The broad‐based development packages approach associated with Integrated Rural Development Projects has, despite its attractions, some pitfalls. It favours well established villages and ignores distribution benefits within villages.

Project appraisal can be used to justify socially uneconomic transport developments. However, rural road investment projects with immediate negative returns are unlikely to be funded. Given clear priorities, short of elaborate cost/benefit analysis, obvious road investments choices can be made by the local community. Greater public accountability of transport planners and peoples’ participation in determining rural transport needs and priorities is emphasized. Increased rural road maintenance especially through self‐help schemes and increased use of traditional modes of transport, e.g. walking, animal and water transport, is recommended.     

Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013

Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n?=?592) and 2013 (n?=?1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.     

Logistics opportunities in Asia and development in Taiwan

The economy in Asia is growing rapidly. As a consequence, transportation and communication technologies and the changing needs of customers and shippers have resulted in Asian and Taiwan's logistics being in transition. This paper discusses why logistics changes, and explores the opportunities for Asian logistics development. The issues of logistics perspectives of private sectors in Taiwan are then raised. Finally, logistics development in Taiwan is described.     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.     

Passenger rail in North America in the light of developments in Western Europe and Japan

Because of different geo‐demographic and economic conditions, the impact of the new passenger modes (road and air) on rail travel was much larger in North America than in Europe. In 1960s and 1970s, as the railway share of intercity traffic in North America shrunk to a negligible one or two percent, the passenger trains were abandoned by private railway companies and taken over by state organizations, which have continued to operate traditional trains and generate mounting losses. On the technology side, no attempts have been made to improve competitiveness of trains vis‐a‐vis automobiles and airplanes.

In Europe and Japan, the railways responded to the challenge by (i) upgrading the performance (speed) and comfort of traditional trains operating on existing tracks and (ii) developing trains which could, on short and intermediate range distances, compete successfully, in terms of speed and economy, with the road and air modes. The Japanese (Shinkansen trains) and French (TGV trains) experience clearly shows that trains operating on dedicated lines at average speeds of 150 to 200 km/hr provide a superior transportation service and economy on high‐traffic intercity routes of up to about 500 km length. In this paper the factors responsible for the present status of passenger rail in North America are analysed, the current policies in the U.S. and Canada are evaluated in the light of experience to date and developments abroad, and suggestions for a long‐term passenger rail policy are made. This includes examination of (i) the viability of continued subsidization of traditional train services, (ii) the viability of operation of faster trains on existing tracks, (iii) the scope for introduction of modern, fast trains on dedicated lines in high‐density, intercity corridors, (iv) the application of fast trains as access to major airports and integration of airports with fast intercity lines, and (v) the impact of energy (oil) consumption in transportation.

     

Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan

Using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time-Use Survey, this paper examines gender differences in daily trip rate, mode choice, travel duration, and purpose of travel, which are previously unreported because of limited data availability. Wide gender mobility gaps are observed in the country, where women are less likely to travel, are half as mobile as men and may rely heavily on walking. The particular social and cultural context of the country, that renders women as private, secluded and family honor, seems influential in shaping their mobility and choice of activities. Demographic factors such as age, household income, and marital status significantly decrease female mobility levels. Hence, these findings call for a gender-based culturally responsive transportation policy in the country.     

美国煤浆体管道检测方法的新进展

从煤浆密度和浓度、流变参数和粒子带电量测量3个方面简要地总结了美国煤浆检测技术的新方法、新仪器的发展状况,分析了其发展特点。这将有助于促进国内煤炭浆体管道输送的发展。