降低FPSO含裂纹焊接结构应力集中系数的焊接修理形状的研究

对焊缝处出现的裂纹进行焊接修理,以阻止其进一步的扩展,这一方法能够有效地延长FPSO焊接结构的疲劳寿命.考虑到应力集中而造成的疲劳寿命的降低,要谨慎选取焊接修理所采用的形状和尺寸,避免产生过高的应力集中.在本文中,研究了不同几何形状和尺寸的二维焊接修理切口的应力集中系数,如抛物线型和椭圆型等,并与相类似尺寸的U型切口进行了比较.当切口的表面半宽长于其深度时,椭圆型的裂纹修理切口具有更低的应力集中系数.将椭圆型的焊接修理形状用于补板与纵骨的连接处,以计算进行焊接修理消除裂纹后结构的最大主应力.结果表明,在消除产生的裂纹以后,含焊接修理切口的结构可以恢复到初始的应力状态.     

船用钢T型接头焊趾选择优化研究

针对船体焊接构件焊趾处应力集中影响船艇结构寿命的问题,利用有限元软件建立船艇重要区域中内龙骨的有限元模型,在约束和载荷相同的情况下,对比分析不同焊趾形式及尺寸T型接头的应力分布和疲劳寿命。研究表明,对于陆军船艇而言,平面形焊趾形式应力集中程度较小,焊后加工方便,适合船艇修理实际要求;焊脚尺寸为4~6 mm的平面形焊趾形式的T型接头疲劳寿命最大,在船艇T型构件焊接时焊脚尺寸应选用此范围内。     

潜艇锥柱结合壳焊趾表面裂纹疲劳寿命计算

随着潜艇用钢屈服强度的不断提高，潜艇耐压壳体的直径及锥壳的半锥角的不断加大，潜艇耐压壳体锥柱结合壳连接焊接焊趾处的疲劳寿命已越来越受到设计人员的重视，但目前还没有可靠的设计方法可以遵循。针对潜艇锥柱结合壳连接焊缝处的受力特点为压弯结合应力，在分析了平行于裂纹面的应力，曲率的约束以及液楔的作用对潜艇焊趾表面裂纹疲劳寿命的影响进行分析后认为，潜艇锥柱结合壳焊距表面裂纹疲劳寿命计算可以采用对压应力进行修正的应力强度因子计算模型。本文给出了对压应力进行修正的应力强度因子计算式，在此基础上提出了一套能考虑焊距的外应力集中以及爆接残余应力等影响的受压弯应力焊接结构焊趾裂纹疲劳寿命计算方法，对初始表面裂纹形状和大小对疲劳寿命的影响进行了系列计算，计算结果表明，本方法预报出的疲劳寿命与实验结果在量级上是吻合的，但在推向实用之前还需要做更多的实验验证。     

肘板趾端表面裂纹在随机波浪载荷作用下的疲劳扩展预报

肘板趾端是船舶与海洋结构的疲劳热点。文章用三维有限元分析了趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子修正系数的变化规律,并与BS7910推荐的典型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子公式计算结果作了对比,结果表明趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子沿深度方向的放大系数和T型节点相差很小,而表面端点应力强度因子修正系数则当裂纹长度在肘板厚度范围内时和T型节点相差很小,超出后则相差较大。以某客滚船上肘板趾端应力范围长期分布服从Weibull分布,产生系列均值为零的应力幅,应力强度因子分别采用有限元结果和BS7910中T型接头公式进行计算,采用单一曲线模型计算该趾端表面裂纹的裂纹扩展。计算等效应力强度因子幅时,考虑焊接残余应力的影响。计算结果表明以T型接头的公式计算趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子和有限元结果相差很小。建议将T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算公式用于趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算,并采用单一曲线模型对随机波浪载荷下作用下船舶典型节点疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命进行了预报。     

弯曲载荷作用下含切口T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算

含裂纹修理切口T型节点的切口底部易于产生疲劳损伤,因而需要对该处新萌生的表面裂纹的疲劳寿命进行估算,以评判下次检修的时间.本文采用基于线弹性断裂力学的有限元方法,对弯曲载荷作用下于修理切口底部产生的表面裂纹最深处的应力强度因子进行了计算.计算结果表明,对于同一类型节点,在相同裂纹深度下,裂纹底部的应力强度因子随着a/c的减小而增大.进而,根据修理切口的不同形状,给出了一组具有一定工程适用范围的回归公式.根据基于线弹性有限元计算结果得出的经验公式,对含修理切口T型节点切口底部萌生的表面裂纹扩展规律进行分析,得出了不同裂纹深长比下,裂纹深长增量比随裂纹深度的变化曲线.在数值计算的基础上,采用船用普通钢制备的试件,对切口底部萌生的表面裂纹进行试验研究,描述了在交变弯曲载荷作用下裂纹形貌的变化规律.试验结果表明,试验数据点与计算曲线相比,具有较高的一致性,验证了根据有限元计算结果提出的拟合公式的精度.     

板板焊接构件应力强度因子的工程化方法研究

针对承受拉弯载荷作用焊趾处含有表面裂纹的T型焊接接头,提出了一种根据裂纹最大张口位移量确定裂纹最大深度处应力强度因子的新方法。基于有限元数值计算,考虑了模型尺寸效应、焊接尺寸、裂纹深度比、裂纹形状比等因素对应力强度因子的影响,建立了拉伸、弯曲载荷对应的修正系数表达式,提出了基于裂纹表面最大张口位移确定T型焊接接头裂纹深度方向的应力强度因子的简便方法。以十字形板板焊接接头为例,显示该方法适用于任意形式的板板焊接接头。     

含缺陷船体纵骨节点疲劳裂纹扩展寿命评估

船舶纵骨节点往往存在焊接缺陷,焊接缺陷将引发裂纹,大大降低构件的疲劳性能。本文基于断裂力学理论,将焊接缺陷等效成半椭圆型表面裂纹,采用FRANC3D和ABAQUS联合仿真的方法,研究带初始裂纹的船舶舭部纵骨与横舱壁连接节点裂纹的扩展寿命评估方法。分析了初始裂纹位置、形状、裂纹面角度对裂纹扩展寿命的影响规律。并根据纵骨节点试验中的初始缺陷的位置,采用此联合仿真方法模拟了裂纹扩展过程。结果表明初始裂纹位置、形状对扩展寿命影响较大,随着初始裂纹向腹板靠近,寿命变短,裂纹扩展寿命随着初始裂纹形状比的增大而增大。初始裂纹角度对疲劳寿命影响不明显,随着角度增大,寿命变长。通过对试验中初始缺陷的等效简化,在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,仿真得到的裂纹扩展寿命与试验结果吻合较好。     

深海球壳表面裂纹应力强度因子影响研究

针对深海球形耐压壳的人员出入孔焊趾处的表面裂纹问题,本文建立了有限元模型并引入初始裂纹,考虑焊接残余应力沿壁厚线性分布的情况,采用M-积分法求解了在海水外压力和焊接残余应力共同作用下的应力强度因子。计算了不同尺寸裂纹下三种应力强度因子沿裂纹前缘的分布情况,发现人孔焊趾处裂纹主要表现为张开型(Ⅰ型)裂纹,相比于K_Ⅰ,K_(Ⅱ)和K_(Ⅲ)对裂纹的影响很小。分析了焊接残余应力和裂纹形状对应力强度因子的影响,讨论了同一深度半长比下表面裂纹K_Ⅰ最大值随裂纹深度变化和沿裂纹前缘K_Ⅰ的分布规律,结论可为进一步研究球形耐压壳的裂纹扩展及疲劳寿命预测提供一定的参考。     

基于断裂力学的散货船外底纵骨疲劳寿命评估

基于断裂力学的疲劳裂纹扩展理论,按《散货船共同结构规范》确定疲劳载荷及计算工况,通过有限元应力分析对某散货船外底纵骨与横舱壁或横框架连接节点处进行疲劳寿命分析,并探讨了裂纹形状比对疲劳寿命的影响。研究结果表明,外底纵骨上远离横舱壁或横框架一侧的软趾端处的疲劳寿命比靠近横舱壁或横框架一侧的通焊孔焊缝趾端处的疲劳寿命要短,并且疲劳寿命随着裂纹形状比的增大而增大。     

具初始裂纹钢桥梁焊接构件疲劳裂纹扩展和疲劳寿命计算

钢桥梁构件因焊接缺陷或者在疲劳应力交互作用下萌生裂纹,钢桥梁构件因存在初始裂纹大大地降低焊接构件的疲劳性能.文中考虑到焊接构件往往会存在初始缺陷,研究了含初始缺陷的桥梁焊接构件的疲劳分析方法.在已有的大量含裂纹构件的疲劳实验工作基础上,结合课题组所做的焊接构件疲劳实验资料,假设初始裂纹焊接构件在疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹形状保持为半椭圆形状;针对桥梁构件实际受力特征,由钢桥梁构件的高周疲劳损伤演化方程入手,考虑初始裂纹条件下裂纹前缘的损伤区的存在及其对裂纹扩展的影响,采用虚拟裂纹扩张方法推导了适用于钢桥梁构件的疲劳裂纹扩展分析的疲劳裂纹扩展率公式,建议了裂纹扩展和疲劳寿命数值计算方法.采用文中的计算方法,研究了已有的钢桥梁结构焊接构件疲劳实验的裂纹扩展过程和疲劳寿命的计算.计算结果表明:裂纹的扩展过程中裂纹的深度和表面半长度之比a/c是一个变化的数值,且在一定的a0/t0条件下,随着a0/c0的增加,循环次数逐渐增大.     

对接接头焊趾应力集中有限元分析

研究焊缝几何参数对应力集中的影响,对于提高焊接结构疲劳强度有重要的意义.本文采用有限元方法,计算了双侧对称加强高和单侧加强高的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数,分析了几个主要参数,包括焊趾倾角、焊趾过渡圆弧半径和板厚对于应力集中系数的影响,研究了焊趾处应力集中沿板厚方向的变化情况,在分析大量计算结果的基础上给出了估算两种形式的对接接头应力集中系数的经验公式.结果表明,减小焊趾倾角,增大过渡圆弧半径,可以减缓焊趾处截面形状的变化,改善焊趾处的应力集中;板厚的增加使得应力集中系数增大.并且单侧加强高的对接接头应力集中系数小于双侧对称加强高对接接头的,其减小幅度只与θ有关.     

Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: Parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations

Regarding the research efforts expended so far on the calculation of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular joints, two major shortcomings can be noted: (a) significant effort has been devoted to the study of SCFs in various uni-planar connections. Nevertheless, for multi-planar joints which cover the majority of practical applications, very few investigations have been reported due to the complexity and high cost involved; (b) majority of these research works focused on the study of SCFs at certain positions such as the saddle, crown toe, and crown heel, and they have ignored the hot-spot stress (HSS) at other positions along the weld toe. In the present paper, effects of dimensionless geometrical parameters on the SCF distribution along the weld toe of main (outer) braces in the axially loaded right-angle two-planar tubular DKT-joints are investigated. In order to study the multi-planar effect, SCF distribution in two-planar joints is compared with the distribution in a uni-planar joint having the same geometrical properties. A complete set of SCF database is constructed based on the two-planar DKT-joint Finite element models which are verified against experimental results and the predictions of Lloyd’s Register (LR) equations. The FE models cover a wide range of geometrical parameters. Six new SCF parametric formulae are developed through nonlinear regression analyses for the accurate and reliable fatigue design of two-planar DKT-joints under axial loads. An assessment study of these equations is conducted against the experimental data, the original FEM database and the acceptance criteria recommended by the UK Department of Energy.     

轴向载荷下多平面DT型管节点应力集中系数概率模型研究

应力集中系数作为一个随机变量,对管节点及导管架平台的疲劳可靠性评估结果有着重要影响。文章以多平面DT型管节点为研究对象,建立了352个几何参数不同的三维管节点有限元模型,并分析了沿弦管-撑管焊缝处的应力集中系数分布。采用密度直方图描述最大应力集中系数统计样本的特征,利用疲劳可靠性分析中常用的几种概率分布进行拟合。各个概率模型中的参数通过极大似然估计方法得到。根据卡方检验的结果对比发现,Birnbaum-Saunders分布是最适合的概率模型。因此,文中提出一组适用于描述在轴向载荷即单向轴向和平衡轴向载荷作用下多平面DT型管节点弦管侧和撑管侧最大应力集中系数分布的概率模型,对今后导管架式海洋平台结构的疲劳可靠性分析具有重要意义。     

Stress concentration factors in tubular T/Y-connections reinforced with FRP under in-plane bending load

Stress concentration factors (SCFs) in steel tubular T/Y-connections strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) are investigated. In the first step, a finite element (FE) model was developed and verified using data of several available experimental tests and empirical formulas. After that, 134 FE models of T/Y-joints with and without FRP were created and analyzed under in-plane bending (IPB) load. In the FE models, the contact between the FRP layers and the members (chord, brace, and weld) was defined. Results showed that the increase of the FRP layer number leads to the notable decrease of the SCFs. Also, the SCFs of a T/Y-joint reinforced with FRP can be down to 40% of the SCF of the corresponding unreinforced joint. Finally, FE results were used to propose two parametric formulas for determining the SCFs in the T/Y-joints strengthened with FRP subjected to IPB load. The proposed formulas were checked according to the UK Department of Energy acceptance criteria.     

SCFs in tubular X-joints retrofitted with FRP under out-of-plane bending moment

This paper presents a parametric study on the stress concentration factors (SCFs) on the chord member in tubular X-connections reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) under out-of-plane bending moment. For this aim, a FE model was generated and validated using several available experimental tests. After that, a set of 276 FE models was created to evaluate the effect of the FRP (layer number, orientation, and material) and joint geometry (γ, τ, and β) on the SCFs. In these FE models, the contact between the FRP sheets and the steel members (chord, weld, and braces) was modeled. Results indicated that the rise of the FRP laminate number causes a notable drop of the SCFs, especially in the connections with big γ. Moreover, the increment of the elastic modulus of FRP along the fibers causes a notable decrease of the SCF. Results showed that, for certain geometrical parameters set, the SCF in an X-connection retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) can be down to 23% of the SCF in the associated un-retrofitted connection. Despite the notable efficacy of the FRP sheets on the drop of the SCFs in the X-connections, there is not any study or equation on the X-connections with FRP. Therefore, an equation was proposed for quantifying the SCFs in the X-connections with FRP.     

Stress concentration factors of multi-planar tubular KT-joints subjected to in-plane bending moments

Numerical research on the stress concentration factors (SCFs) in uniplanar tubular joints is abundantly reported in literature. However, it has been shown that SCF equations for uniplanar joints can lead to both under- or overestimation of the SCFs in multi-planar joints. In this paper, a parametric finite element study of 81 different three-planar KT joints subjected to five different in-plane bending loading conditions is performed. The effects of different non-dimensional geometrical parameters on the SCF values at the crown locations of the central and outer braces are studied. Based on nonlinear regression analyses of the finite element results, a new set of SCF equations is developed and presented.     

不同的裂纹尺寸对椭圆形裂纹应力强度因子影响的研究

针对平板椭圆形裂纹,提出了椭圆裂纹求解应力强度因子的解析解法,该方法是建立在弹性断裂理论及复变函数理论基础上的。文中针对椭圆裂纹,在具有不同的外荷载,以及不同的椭圆裂纹形状情况下,对应力强度因子进行较为全面的仿真分析。得到了应力强度因子和椭圆裂纹长短轴及所处位置,以及外荷载之间的关系变化的曲线。利用所建立的计算模型,可以非常迅速地求得不同几何参数情况下椭圆裂纹在复杂应力场中沿裂纹周边不同位置的应力强度因子。并对三种不同椭圆裂纹形状情况下的应力强度因子进行了分析和比较。     

SCF equations in multi-planar welded tubular DT-joints including bending effects

Welded tubular connections exhibit significant stress concentrations at the weld vicinity, which may result in fatigue failure. Stress concentration factors (SCFs) in DT-joint are computed, based on an extensive finite element study. The present paper develops a methodology for the calculation of the maximum local stress, referred to as “hot-spot stress”, in a multi-planar DT-joint, with particular emphasis on the effects of bending moments on the braces and the chord. Special attention is focussed on the location where critical stress concentration occurs, as well as on the so-called “carry-over phenomenon” and its implications on the hot-spot stress value. Simplified design equations for fatigue design are proposed to determine SCF values due to bending in order to improve predictions with respect to existing design tools.     

双平面焊接圆管截面DKT节点的中心撑杆鞍点及冠点位置的应力集中系数(英文)

A set of parametric stress analyses was carried out for two-planar tubular DKT-joints under different axial loading conditions.The analysis results were used to present general remarks on the effects of the geometrical parameters on stress concentration factors(SCFs) at the inner saddle,outer saddle,and crown positions on the central brace.Based on results of finite element(FE) analysis and through nonlinear regression analysis,a new set of SCF parametric equations was established for fatigue design purposes.An assessment study of equations was conducted against the experimental data and original SCF database.The satisfaction of acceptance criteria proposed by the UK Department of Energy(UK DoE) was also checked.Results of parametric study showed that highly remarkable differences exist between the SCF values in a multi-planar DKT-joint and the corresponding SCFs in an equivalent uni-planar KT-joint having the same geometrical properties.It can be clearly concluded from this observation that using the equations proposed for uni-planar KT-connections to compute the SCFs in multi-planar DKT-joints will lead to either considerably under-predicting or over-predicting results.Hence,it is necessary to develop SCF formulae specially designed for multi-planar DKT-joints.Good results of equation assessment according to UK DoE acceptance criteria,high values of correlation coefficients,and the satisfactory agreement between the predictions of the proposed equations and the experimental data guarantee the accuracy of the equations.Therefore,the developed equations can be reliably used for fatigue design of offshore structures.