Role of transport in rural development in Africa

Rural Africa is starved of transport services. The transport routes run towards the export enclaves and the coast.

The political, social and developmental rural transport benefits are discussed. Rural transport will help (i) integrate the country and ease its governance; (ii) widen markets; (iii) induce increased agricultural output, through new technologies, reduced transport costs, etc. The transport cost savings should be passed on to rural firms and producers. The paper warns against their accruing only to middlemen — agricultural parastatals inclusive, thereby stifling the benefits to production. This could happen under some forms of pan‐territorial pricing. Negative aspects of road development, e.g. the substitution of local goods by imports, increased migration and noise, are noted.

The place and role of project appraisal in rural road planning is acknowledged. The broad‐based development packages approach associated with Integrated Rural Development Projects has, despite its attractions, some pitfalls. It favours well established villages and ignores distribution benefits within villages.

Project appraisal can be used to justify socially uneconomic transport developments. However, rural road investment projects with immediate negative returns are unlikely to be funded. Given clear priorities, short of elaborate cost/benefit analysis, obvious road investments choices can be made by the local community. Greater public accountability of transport planners and peoples’ participation in determining rural transport needs and priorities is emphasized. Increased rural road maintenance especially through self‐help schemes and increased use of traditional modes of transport, e.g. walking, animal and water transport, is recommended.     

土工合成材料在国外路基加筋中的应用研究

文章总结回顾国外土工合成材料加筋路基力学机理、试验研究及设计方法研究现状,通过对现有路基加筋设计方法进行比较,指出现有土工合成材料加筋设计方法的不足,并就今后需进一步研究的领域提出建议。     

非煤系地层瓦斯隧道形成机制研究

在非煤系地层区修建隧道时对瓦斯没有充分的认识和准备,且瓦斯涌出又具有随机性、分布不均匀性的特点,因此该类瓦斯隧道的瓦斯灾害危害性更大,对其形成机制进行研究意义十分重大。文章通过对我国已有大量瓦斯隧道的研究,总结出非煤系地层瓦斯隧道主要有三种成因类型:一是构造连通型,根据不同的构造类型,又可分为裂隙连通型、断层连通型与褶皱连通型;二是围岩变质型;三是复合型。     

探地雷达技术在隧道围岩深层病害检测中的应用

探地雷达作为一种先进而实用的无损检测技术,在许多工程领域得到了广泛应用。文章根据探地雷达的工作原理,提出将探地雷达应用于隧道围岩深层病害的检测。检测结果表明,在围岩深层病害检测中,采用探地雷达技术能够准确确定围岩深层病害的特征及其分布情况,克服了常规检测方法的局限性,并具有无损、直观、快速、高精度等特点。     

我国汽车维修行业从业人员现状分析

本文主要利用学院校企深度合作优势,采用分品牌、分区域、企业同参与的分工模式,通过现场走访调研、网络问卷调查相接合的方式对国内部分汽车维修企业开展调研工作。系统分析了当前我国汽车维修行业从业人员现状和行业人才需求存在的问题,并提出了相应提高汽车维修从业人员技术和素质的措施。     

Passenger rail in North America in the light of developments in Western Europe and Japan

Because of different geo‐demographic and economic conditions, the impact of the new passenger modes (road and air) on rail travel was much larger in North America than in Europe. In 1960s and 1970s, as the railway share of intercity traffic in North America shrunk to a negligible one or two percent, the passenger trains were abandoned by private railway companies and taken over by state organizations, which have continued to operate traditional trains and generate mounting losses. On the technology side, no attempts have been made to improve competitiveness of trains vis‐a‐vis automobiles and airplanes.

In Europe and Japan, the railways responded to the challenge by (i) upgrading the performance (speed) and comfort of traditional trains operating on existing tracks and (ii) developing trains which could, on short and intermediate range distances, compete successfully, in terms of speed and economy, with the road and air modes. The Japanese (Shinkansen trains) and French (TGV trains) experience clearly shows that trains operating on dedicated lines at average speeds of 150 to 200 km/hr provide a superior transportation service and economy on high‐traffic intercity routes of up to about 500 km length. In this paper the factors responsible for the present status of passenger rail in North America are analysed, the current policies in the U.S. and Canada are evaluated in the light of experience to date and developments abroad, and suggestions for a long‐term passenger rail policy are made. This includes examination of (i) the viability of continued subsidization of traditional train services, (ii) the viability of operation of faster trains on existing tracks, (iii) the scope for introduction of modern, fast trains on dedicated lines in high‐density, intercity corridors, (iv) the application of fast trains as access to major airports and integration of airports with fast intercity lines, and (v) the impact of energy (oil) consumption in transportation.

     

涵洞在岩溶地区路基溶洞处理中的应用

文章以广西靖西至那坡高速公路为项目背景，针对该项目所遇岩溶问题提出相应的处治措施，并根据溶洞所处位置及作用分类，总结归纳出几种采用涵洞处治的方案，同时阐述了涵洞结构尺寸设计要点。     

探地雷达在乌鹅隧道地质预报中的应用

文章阐述了探地雷达的预报原理和方法,并以乌鹅隧道工程为背景,通过对该隧道超前地质预报信息的积累,分析了完整岩体、断层破碎带、富水带、含充填物的裂隙发育带的雷达堆积波图,指出了各种雷达图像的特点,为类似工程地质条件下的雷达预报提供参考.     

管道压力试验装水时间计算

在管道安装等工程中,准确地估算试压装水时间对工程很重要。文中利用流体力学理论对压力管道的装水过程进行模型化,从而选取适当的理论计算公式,并根据流动状态选取适当的计算参数,对沿程阻力损失等还需要采取迭代的方法进行计算,从而得到了较准确的结果。通过计算发现,计算结果的准确性取决于建立适当的水力学模型以及合理边界条件的设置。     

人工冻结法在圆砾地层地铁联络通道施工中的应用

南宁地铁3号线金琅区间联络通道所处地层主要为圆砾,其自稳能力差,易发生涌水冒砂、围岩扰动过大而使隧道变形的情况,设计采用人工冻结法施工。文章详细介绍了冻结过程中冻结孔布设、冻结参数选取以及土体在自然解冻后的融沉控制注浆参数优化等工艺。在积极冻结施工过程着重对盐水去回路温度、土体温度、泄压孔孔压进行分析,总结出土体温度变化、冻结壁形成的规律,准确判断通道开挖的时机,并针对联络通道冻结施工存在的问题提出了具体的对策措施。人工冻结法在该区间隧道富水圆砾层中的成功应用,可为其它类似工程提供参考。     

地质雷达在巫帮隧道地质超前预报中的应用

文章以巫帮隧道BT4施工标段为工程背景,介绍了地质雷达在超前地质预报中的应用,指出地质雷达具有无损性、高效率、抗干扰能力强、可信度较高等优点,对隧道施工能起到积极的指导作用,是一种较好的隧道超前地质预报方法。     

关于SPD应用中问题的探讨

针对SPD在应用中存在的几个问题进行探讨.重点论述了SPD的响应时间、多级SPD的动作顺序、不同波形冲击电流的等效变换、残压与冲击电流峰值的关系和SPD应用中各个电压量之间的相互关系等问题,可供相关系统设计、运行、维护人员参考.     

微表处在处治惠河高速公路车病害中的应用

微表处在我国公路沥青路面预防性养护方面是一种新工艺、新技术。文章以广东惠河高速公路沥青路面微表处在沥青路面车辙处治方面的施工实践，介绍微表处配合比的试验经验及施工的主要技术要点，供公路沥青路面预防性养护施工参考。     

Assessing CO2 emissions of electric vehicles in Germany in 2030

Electric vehicles are often said to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. However, the results of current comparisons with conventional vehicles are not always in favor of electric vehicles. We outline that this is not only due to the different assumptions in the time of charging and the country-specific electricity generation mix, but also due to the applied assessment method. We, therefore, discuss four assessment methods (average annual electricity mix, average time-dependent electricity mix, marginal electricity mix, and balancing zero emissions) and analyze the corresponding CO₂ emissions for Germany in 2030 using an optimizing energy system model (PERSEUS-NET-TS). Furthermore, we distinguish between an uncontrolled (i.e. direct) charging and an optimized controlled charging strategy. For Germany, the different assessment methods lead to substantial discrepancies in CO₂ emissions for 2030 ranging from no emissions to about 0.55 kg/kWh_el (110 g/km). These emissions partly exceed the emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles. Furthermore, depending on the underlying power plant portfolio and the controlling objective, controlled charging might help to reduce CO₂ emissions and relieve the electricity grid. We therefore recommend to support controlled charging, to develop consistent methodologies to address key factors affecting CO₂ emissions by electric vehicles, and to implement efficient policy instruments which guarantee emission free mobility with electric vehicles agreed upon by researchers and policy makers.     

An evaluation of web site services in liner shipping in Taiwan

This paper empirically evaluates web site services in the liner shipping industry based on the service requirements of the user firms, i.e., shippers. The results suggest that shippers perceive tracing to be the most important service attribute of a web site, followed by customs response, vessel schedules, and electronic document service. Based on the concept of market segmentation, we employed cluster analysis to classify users (shippers) of web site services provided by liner shipping companies into four segments, namely support and performance services oriented firms, equipment information oriented firms, performance information oriented firms, and transaction services oriented firms. Theoretical and practical implications of the research findings are discussed.     

Determinants of ground transport modal choice in long-distance trips in Spain

In transport economics, modeling modal choice is a fundamental key for policy makers trying to improve the sustainability of transportation systems. However, existing empirical literature has focused on short-distance travel within urban systems. This paper contributes to the limited number of investigations on mode choice in medium- and long-distance travel. The main objective of this research is to study the impacts of socio-demographic and economic variables, land-use features and trip attributes on long-distance travel mode choice. Using data from 2007 Spanish National Mobility Survey we apply a multilevel multinomial logit model that accounts for the potential problem of spatial heterogeneity in order to explain long-distance travel mode choice. This approach permits us to compute how the probability of choosing among private car, bus and train varies depending on the traveler spatial location at regional level. Results indicate that travelers characteristics, trip features, cost of usage of transport modes and geographical variables have significant impacts on long-distance mode choice.     

风积沙在沙漠区域填砂路基公路施工中的应用

文章通过对沙漠区域风积沙的物理力学性质和工程特性的分析,结合某省级公路工程试验段风积沙路基施工方案,介绍了风积沙路基的施工工艺与质量控制要点,并探讨了以风积沙作为路基填筑材料的技术处理方案,为沙漠地区路基施工提供参考。     

Adoption of Internet Services in Liner Shipping: An Empirical Study of Shippers in Taiwan

Abstract

The Internet service attributes desired by shippers were examined as well as a model that seeks to explain the intention of shippers to use Internet services in liner shipping. Using data collected from a survey of a group of shippers in Taiwan, the relationships among the constructs in the model were tested, namely: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and use intention. The results suggest that shippers perceive tracing to be the most important service attribute of Internet services, followed by checking for customs clearance, vessel schedules and electronic document services. The findings indicate that perceived ease of use is the major factor affecting the intention of shippers to use Internet services, and that perceived ease of use has a strong positive effect on perceived usefulness. The results also indicate that security has a positive effect on a shipper’s perception of ease of use. However, the influence of security on use intention and perceived usefulness was not supported in this study. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings on the intention of shippers to use Internet services in liner shipping are discussed.     

长输管道水击过程中的同步现象

水击是长输管道系统中经常出现的一种过渡工况。由于泵站出站止回阀的作用，长输管道水击过程中会出现同步现象。对同步现象的成因进行了分析，给出了计算方法，并结合实例，进行了模拟和计算。     

Evaluation of road-rail interaction in Thailand

The main line of the State Railway of Thailand to serve the Northeastern region of the Kingdom was built in 1900 to the town of Korat and subsequently extended to its northern extremity at the Laos border. The Friendship Highway, a modern highway parallel to the railway and serving the same transportation corridor, was completed in 1958 as far as Korat. In 1965 the northern extension of the Friendship Highway was opened to Nong Khai, the northern terminus of the railway.The effect of the nearby and parallel highway on freight traffic - for upland crops, vegetables, rice, kenaf, and forest products - is shown in terms of tonnages dispatched by the railway and in relation to the production of those commodities. Passenger traffic originating on the Northeastern railway line is analysed. Statistics indicating the shift in modal split between road and rail, for both freight and passengers in the Kingdom, are presented for a six-year period. An estimate of the loss in revenue for the Korat-Nong Khai segment of the railway has been made for both originating passengers and certain classes of freight traffic. Clearly demonstrated is the unceasing trend toward road haulage of freight and the use of highway buses by intercity passengers. This paper is intended to draw attention to the magnitude of the problem rather than to suggest definitive solutions.