Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

Characteristics on NOx adsorption and intermediates of LNT catalyst

Several NOx reduction technologies under development in recent years have now been commercialized, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH₃ or hydrocarbons, and Lean NOx Trap. The aim of the present study is to investigate characteristics on NOx adsorption according to the oxygen concentration, de-NOx performance according to lean/rich injection cycle and toxic intermediates at LNT downstram for lean-burn gasoline engine. Under oxygen of 6%, NOx storage capacity was the highest, showed the highest NOx conversion of 98%. The reason for this phenomena is because the excited oxygen atoms at high oxygen concentration increased oxidizing power of NO. Under low temperature of 205°C, LNT catalyst showed the least NOx conversion of 14% because its activity became lower, while the generation rate of toxic HNCO was highest as CO which is generated during the rich condition, reacts with NOx stored on Ba site.     

Comparison of HC species from diesel combustion modes and characterization of a heat-up doc formulation

This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NO_x trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion, and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection. Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO₂), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation.     

EGR对车用柴油机性能影响的试验研究

结合某废气涡轮增压和高压共轨小型4缸柴油机国Ⅳ排放达标工作,进行了计算机在线实时控制EGR对柴油机性能影响的试验研究,通过试验分析了EGR对NOx、烟度、排气温度、燃油消耗率的影响规律,并对EGR率与喷油提前角的匹配作了进一步的研究。结果表明,为降低柴油机NOx排放,不同工况应采取不同的EGR率;烟度、排气温度、燃油消耗率均随着EGR率的增加而增大;EGR率和喷油提前角应实现良好的匹配,才能保证NOx排放和燃油消耗率都能达到要求,其中小EGR率匹配小喷油提前角,大EGR率匹配大喷油提前角。     

二甲醚／柴油混合燃料在压燃式发动机上的应用

为探索二甲醚/柴油混合燃料作为柴油机替代燃料的应用性能,对D20二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性进行了试验研究;同时,开展了直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料动力性能、经济性能及排放性能研究。结果表明:在同样的环境背压下,D20混合燃料的油束与柴油相比较,贯穿度有所缩短,喷雾锥角有所增大;柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料时,通过适当调整循环油量,发动机的动力性可以超过原柴油机,最低当量比油耗下降4.5%,烟度指标下降70%以上,NOx排放降低30%~50%;二甲醚/柴油混合燃料是一种能实现高比功率、低排放的石油替代燃料。     

分子筛型SCR对车用柴油机排放改善的试验研究

商用车柴油机多采用DOC+SCR的后处理系统来满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的要求,而不同类型SCR的催化特性对最终污染物排放影响也不同。试验获取了一支铜基分子筛型SCR,基于1台2.8L柴油机和一支钒基SCR,运行了车用柴油机稳态循环(ESC)和瞬态排放循环(ETC),研究并分析了其对柴油机污染物的减排特性。结果表明,相较于钒基SCR,运行ETC循环时分子筛型SCR对发动机NOx和PM排放的减排效率分别提升19%和33%;分子筛型SCR对NOx的低温转化效率更高,且由于对排气流量不敏感,在高空速工况下其转化效率显著高于钒基SCR;分子筛型SCR对颗粒物个数的减排效率弱于钒基SCR,达7%以上,容易将大质量颗粒物分解为小质量颗粒物;两种SCR均对CO和HC具有一定的减排效果,减排率可达20%左右。     

高压共轨燃油喷雾特性的试验研究与模型修正

利用高速闪光摄像技术建立了燃油喷雾特性试验台架,在不同喷射压力(80 MPa,102 MPa,130 MPa)和不同喷射背压(2 MPa,3 MPa)下对高压共轨电控喷油器的燃油瞬态喷雾特性进行了研究,并用Matlab编程对喷雾图像进行了处理,测量了不同工况下油束的贯穿度和锥角。通过试验数据,利用最小二乘非线性曲线拟合方法对高压喷射油束模型进行了修正,模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明修正后的油束模型能更好地预测高压喷射时的油束贯穿度和锥角。     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

直喷汽油机中乙醇汽油宏观喷雾特性的试验研究

采用高速摄像技术在定容弹内对直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷雾特性进行了试验研究,以揭示喷油压力、环境压力对乙醇-汽油不同掺混比燃料的喷雾锥角、前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积的影响。结果表明,随着喷油压力的增大,喷雾锥角、前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积均增大;随着环境压力的增大,喷雾锥角增大,前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积减小。     

采用低温等离子体同步净化柴油机PM和NO_x(一):物理仿真

为了实现对柴油机尾气中PM和NOx的同步去除,将静电旋风捕集技术与等离子体协同烃类选择性催化还原技术(Plasma/HC-SCR)相结合开发了一套柴油机后处理原理性试验装置。该装置集柴油机PM的静电捕集、PM的氧化燃烧、NOx的选择性催化还原于一体,对在富氧条件下利用烃类选择还原催化和静电旋风捕集同步去除柴油机PM和NOx进行了利用可控标准气体的模拟试验研究,得到了净化效率随相关参数之间的变化规律。在单纯的等离子体环境下,NO浓度降低,NO2浓度增加,但总的NOx基本保持不变;使用催化剂的同时辅助等离子体可以使NO的峰值转化率所对应的温度向低温区偏移50℃左右;催化剂、等离子体、还原HC对于降低炭烟的起燃温度都有影响,同时使用可以使炭烟的起燃温度最低降低到280℃。此装置实现了柴油机PM和NOx的同步去除。     

喷油器参数对柴油机燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

应用三维CFD模拟软件FIRE,对1台135柴油机的喷雾与燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。通过缸内流场分析和浓度分析,研究了喷孔数、喷孔锥角对燃烧过程的影响及对NOx和炭烟生成的影响。结果表明,喷孔数和喷孔锥角影响燃油的喷雾质量和油气混合质量,进而影响燃烧过程和排放物的生成;CFD模拟计算对优化喷油器参数,从而改进燃烧系统具有指导意义。     

Effect of the number of fuel injector holes on characteristics of combustion and emissions in a diesel engine

The diesel combustion process is highly dependent on fuel injection parameters, and understanding fuel spray development is essential for proper control of the process. One of the critical factors for controlling the rate of mixing of fuel and air is the number of injector holes in a diesel engine. This study was intended to explore the behavior of the formation of spray mixtures, combustion, and emissions as a function of the number of injector hole changes; from this work, we propose an optimal number of holes for superior emissions and engine performance in diesel engine applications. The results show that increasing the number of holes significantly influences evaporation, atomization, and combustion. However, when the number of holes exceeds a certain threshold, there is an adverse effect on combustion and emissions due to a lack of the air entrainment required for the achievement of a stoichiometric mixture.     

Experimental investigation of B20 combustion and emissions under various intake conditions for low-temperature combustion

Recently, biodiesel has emerged as an alternative fuel for achieving low-temperature combustion (LTC). Several articles in the literature have showed that oxygenated biofuels, including biodiesel, can improve combustion stability under high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) operation, which is considered to be necessary for the removal of nitric oxides (NOx). The objective of this study was to investigate the performance and emissions of 20% biodiesel blended diesel fuel (B20) at various intake pressures and oxygen concentration levels to characterize the fuel for LTC application. The experimental investigation of B20 was carried out using a single-cylinder engine (SCE) at 1400 rpm and 50% load condition. A set of critical flow orifices with synthetic EGR was employed to simulate various intake pressures and EGR levels. The behavior of the B20 was first characterized under various intake conditions. The results showed that with high oxygen intake, B20 exhibited combustion and emission levels that were very similar to conventional diesel. However, B20 reduced combustion deterioration while exhibiting lower carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions than diesel under low oxygen intake conditions.     

Improving pollutant emissions in diesel engines for heavy-duty transportation using retarded intake valve closing strategies

A combined theoretical and experimental study has been carried out to determine the real potential of reducing pollutant emissions in a HD diesel engine by means of retarding the intake valve closing. The effects produced by this alteration of the basic operation cycle have been examined by a preliminary modelling study, and from the obtained results, a modified camshaft was manufactured with a delayed intake valve closing of 60 crank angle degrees. Single-cylinder engine tests were carried out with this modified camshaft, and the emissions and fuel consumption were recorded. The results showed that the retarded intake valve closing can enhance the premixed combustion phase, and thus simultaneously reduce soot and NOx emissions. Moreover, the combustion process attained is extremely tolerant to exhaust gas recirculation, and by adoption of this measure, Euro-5 emissions limits can be achieved at the tested conditions without after-treatment.     

CNG/柴油双燃料车用发动机排放特性研究

通过用YZA102Q柴油机改装的CNG／柴油双燃料发动机进行燃用双燃料和纯柴油两种情况下的对比试验。对CNG／柴油双燃料发动机THC、CO、NOx和烟度的排放特性，以及空燃比、引燃油量、喷油提前角对双燃料发动机排放的影响进行了研究和分析。     

Evaluation and visualization of stratified ultra-lean combustion characteristics in a spray-guided type gasoline direct-injection engine

To comply with reinforced emission regulations for harmful exhaust gases, including carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted as a greenhouse gas, improved technologies for reducing CO₂ and fuel consumption are being developed. Stable lean combustion, which has the advantage of improved fuel economy and reduced emission levels, can be achieved using a sprayguided-type direct-injection (DI) combustion system. The system comprises a centrally mounted injector and closely positioned spark plugs, which ensure the combustion reliability of a stratified mixture under ultra-lean conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean-burn gasoline DI engine. At an excess air ratio of 4.0, approximately 23% improvement in fuel economy was achieved through optimal event timing, which was delayed for injection and advanced for ignition, compared to that under stoichiometric conditions, while NO_x and HC emissions increased. The combustion characteristics of a stratified mixture in a spray-guided-type DI system were similar to those in DI diesel engines, resulting in smoke generation and difficulty in three-way catalystutilization. Although a different operating strategy might decrease fuel consumption, it will not be helpful in reducing NO_x and smoke emissions; therefore, alternatives should be pursued to achieve compliance with emission regulations.     

Comparison of fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions between the aged and new DPF systems of Euro 5 diesel passenger car

This study was conducted to examine the impact of aged and new DPF systems of the Euro 5 diesel passenger car on fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Test diesel vehicle used in this study was equipped with diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) as aftertreatment systems, and satisfied the Euro-5 emissions standard. The displacement volume of engine was 1.6 L and the cumulative mileage was 167,068 km before the test. The FTP-75 test procedure was used, and the time resolved and weight based exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured. The results show that the vehicle with the new DPF system has lower emissions of THC, CO and NOx than the aged one, and fuel efficiency also increased about 5 percent. The aged DPF system had higher backpressure due to the particulate matter (mostly in the form of ash) accumulated in the DPF. As was shown in the analysis using X-CT (X-ray computer tomography), the aged DPF system had particulate matter (PM) accumulated to a length of 46.6 mm. In addition, a component analysis of PM through XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis found that 50 % or more of the components consisted of the P, S, Ca, and Zn.     

某柴油机SCR系统CFD仿真分析

排放法规的日趋严格,柴油机尾气后处理器SCR作为处理NOX排放物的一种有效手段,吸引了越来越多的目光的关注。柴油机尾气后处理器SCR内部的气体流动状况及尿素喷射效果与其使用效率以及柴油机的动力性和经济性都有很大的影响。文章通过建立三维SCR流动和喷雾计算模型,计算得出SCR内部压力、流场分布以及尿素喷射雾化分布情况。通过本次仿真,找到内部影响SCR工作效率的关键设计因素,从而更好的优化产品设计,满足性能及一致性的要求。结果表明:柴油机尾气后处理器SCR内部孔道的分布对于性能有一定的影响,需要通过生产进行控制从而满足尾气后处理的效率及产品一致性要求。     

供油提前角与EGR技术对柴油机排放影响的试验研究

在柴油机采用废气再循环（EGR）技术以降低氮氧化物（NOx）排放的情况下，分析了不同供油提前角对发动机排放及油耗的影响情况。根据柴油机EGR控制系统的工作特点和功能，确定了柴油机的最佳供油提前角。根据发动机负荷特性试验结果，验证了在此供油提前角的情况下，EGR控制系统的实际控制效果达到最佳。     

CNG—柴油双燃料电控发动机试验研究

将高压共轨柴油机改装成CNG—柴油双燃料电控发动机,利用自行开发的快速原型控制系统来控制天然气的燃烧,保证天然气掺烧后发动机的动力性和燃用纯柴油时保持一致。分析了天然气掺烧替代率在不同负荷时对有效热效率和有害排放物(CO,HC,NOx)及烟度的影响。结果表明:天然气掺烧替代率可以达到80%左右;掺烧后的有效热效率在中低负荷时要低于燃用柴油,高负荷时和燃用柴油一致;掺烧后的烟度明显降低,HC排放明显升高。