Scaling analysis of thermal-hydraulics for steam generator passive heat removal system

Steam generator passive heat removal system （SG-PHRS） is used as a passively safe mode to provide decay heat removal in some advanced pressurized water reactors. Due to the structure characteristics of steam generator （SG）, there are two natural circulation loops coupling in SG-PHRS in case of a safety-related event. The existing natural circulation scaling criteria could be used to simulate the natural circulation inside SG. Two-phase natural circulation loop is studied carefully, and the dominant effects of SG on behaviors of natural circulation in passive heat removal system are presented. Based on the understanding of SG-PHRS operation, system pressure transient scaling and two-phase natural circulation scaling are analyzed by establishing the relevant continuity, integral momentum and energy equations in one-dimensional area-averaged forms. With modified equations, similarity criteria for SG-PHRS are obtained for engineering application. In addition, equal height simulation and reduced height simulation are studied.     

Convective Boiling of Near-Azeotropic Refrigerant R410A in the Horizontal Micro-fin Tube

Using near-azeotropic refrigerant R410A as the working fluid, the experimental studies on the horizontal micro-fin tubes were conducted. Several factors affecting heat transfer coefficients were analyzed, and the characteristics of flow boiling of the refrigerant in the horizontal micro-fin tubes were discussed. The local heat transfer coefficients increase with mass flux, heat flux and quality. And the heat transfer enhancement factor of those testing tubes is about 1.6 to 2.2.     

A New Experimental Rig of Testing Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrigerant and Lubricant Mixture

This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accurately by connecting separate lubricant oil circuit with test section in parallel. It was built up by retrofitting a multiple air-conditioner and installing three oil-separators in serials at the compressor outlet. And so the lubricant oil in the discharged refrigerant gas of compressor can be removed completely. The refrigerant flow rate through test section can be bypassed by the by-path circuit of indoor unit. This experimental rig has advantages such as on-line and continuous oil injection, short time of obtaining stability, flexible operation, simple control, which lead to high efficiency in the research of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture.     

Integrated fluid-thermal-structural numerical analysis for the quenching of metallic components

The quenching of a metal component with a channel section in a water tank is numerically simulated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to model the multiphase flow and the heat transfer in film boiling, nucleate boiling and convective cooling processes to calculate the difference in heat transfer rate around the component and then combining with the thermal simulation and structure analysis of the component to study the effect of heat transfer rate on the distortion of the U-channel component. A model is also established to calculate the residual stress produced by quenching. The coupling fluid-thermal-structural simulation provides an insight into the deformation of the component and can be used to perform parameter analysis to reduce the distortion of the component.     

船用螺旋隔板换热器的实验与数值模拟

以螺旋隔板换热器作船用润滑油冷却器,冷却水和润滑油分别在管程和壳程呈逆流流动,对船用螺旋隔板三维翅片管换热器的传热与压降性能进行了实验研究,结果表明在壳程雷诺数相同条件下,三维翅片管的壳程努塞尔特准数是光滑管的2.1~2.8倍,而压降约为光滑管的2.2倍.同时,利用Fluent6.3软件对船用螺旋隔板三维翅片管和光滑管换热器的传热与压降性能进行数值模拟,结果表明螺旋流条件下三维翅片管与光滑管相比,具有更大的强化对流传热作用.对于船用螺旋隔板三维翅片管换热器,壳程努塞尔特准数和压降的数值模拟结果与实验计算值吻合良好,最大偏差分别为6.6%和10%.     

Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis of NH_3-H_2O Falling Film Absorption on Inner Tube Surface with Low Solution Flow Rates

NH_3-H_2O falling film absorption usually takes place with low solution flow rate in real absorption refrigeration system. An experimental study of inner vertical absorption is carried out for the consideration of air-cooling absorber. Variable working conditions are tested to evaluate the heat and mass transfer performances.The traditional evaluation method based on log-mean-temperature(concentration) difference is criticized for its lack of theoretical basis while simultaneous heat and mass transfer process occurs. A new method proposed by Kim and Infante Ferreira is modified to evaluate the experimental results with reasonable assumptions. The method is based on the derivation of coupled heat and mass transfer differential equations of NH_3-H_2O absorption process.The analysis of the same experimental data shows that the new method realizes better consistency with smaller error, especially in heat transfer aspect. Heat and mass transfer performance is enhanced with the increase of solution Reynolds number. Sub-cooling of inlet weak solution also has positive influence on the absorption process,which should be evaluated by the new method correctly. Two correlations are developed to evaluate both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for the design of air-cooling absorber.     

不同空间结构的有轨电车超级电容热行为

为了减轻有轨电车超级电容模组因温度引起的性能衰减，基于超级电容器的单体结构，研究单体不同空间结构对超级电容模组热行为的影响. 首先，建立超级电容电化学-热耦合模型，并搭建实验平台验证模型的有效性；其次，定义“自然对流换热比表面积”，通过最高温度、最大温差、单体温度波动率和空间利用率4个指标对截面为3 × 6、2 × 9的长方体结构、截面为4 × 4的正方体结构和六面体结构的超级电容模组的温度特性和体积特征进行评估. 研究表明:气流路径的长度、对流换热比表面积以及强制对流换热的单体数量会影响散热的效果，具有短而宽流动路径的空间结构冷却效果更好；正方体结构是冷却效果和均温方面的最优选择；对于空间利用率和冷却效率而言，六面体结构是最佳选择.      

机夹刀片断屑范围预报及最佳断屑槽形设计

本文在研究金属切削过程中的切屑变形、流动、流向与切屑卷曲、折断等规律的基础上.提出一种新的切屑分类,便于通过计算机求得屑形,用以预报断屑范围.同时,又能设计出特定条件下的最佳情形.     

Coupled heat and mass transfer analysis of NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O falling film absorption on inner tube surface with low solution flow rates

NH₃-H₂O falling film absorption usually takes place with low solution flow rate in real absorption refrigeration system. An experimental study of inner vertical absorption is carried out for the consideration of air-cooling absorber. Variable working conditions are tested to evaluate the heat and mass transfer performances.The traditional evaluation method based on log-mean-temperature（concentration） difference is criticized for its lack of theoretical basis while simultaneous heat and mass transfer process occurs. A new method proposed by Kim and Infante Ferreira is modified to evaluate the experimental results with reasonable assumptions. The method is based on the derivation of coupled heat and mass transfer differential equations of NH₃-H₂O absorption process.The analysis of the same experimental data shows that the new method realizes better consistency with smaller error, especially in heat transfer aspect. Heat and mass transfer performance is enhanced with the increase of solution Reynolds number. Sub-cooling of inlet weak solution also has positive influence on the absorption process,which should be evaluated by the new method correctly. Two correlations are developed to evaluate both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for the design of air-cooling absorber.     

应用组织芯片和ISH技术检测人体多种肿瘤中hTER mRNA和hTERT mRNA的表达

目的　探讨组织芯片技术在原位杂交中的应用及hTER和hTERT在人体多种常见肿瘤中的表达。方法　利用自行研制的专用器具制作组织芯片 ,采用原位杂交技术 (ISH)检测 2 3 0例人体肿瘤和正常组织中hTER和hTERT基因的表达。结果　①组织芯片中组织样本的组织学结构完整 ,满足病理学实验要求 ;采用组织芯片技术消耗的实验材料、试剂为普通方法的1 /2 3。②在人体正常组织和良性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤组织中 ,hTER和hTERT的表达与肿瘤的性质明显相关 (P <0 .0 0 5 )。结论　组织芯片技术提供了一种快速、有效的组织学方法 ,可广泛应用于原位杂交实验 ,并有可能在肿瘤生物学研究中发挥重要的作用。同时 ,hTER和hTERT表达上调有可能作为人体肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断的重要组织学指标。     

空调客车车体顶部弓形封闭空腔自然对流换热研究

本文应用自然对流换热理论和数值计算方法,对空调客车车体顶部弓形封闭空腔自 然对流换热规律进行了模型研究,用数值方法求出了空腔当量导热系数,同时用差 分干涉仪对同尺寸模型进行了实测,两者结果取得了较好的一致。      

关于围护结构传热系数及特征值的分析和讨论

通过分析围护结构传热系数存在的非限定缺陷以及由此造成的工程问题,提出了一个基本能合理表征围护结构传热及节能特征的参量,即围护结构热阻,它完全避免了由外环境条件变化而引起的设计和检测中的不一致性问题.同时对K值、K限值以及特征值R值之间的内在关系进行了表述.     

切屑卷曲与剪切面形状之间关系的研究

从切屑离开塑性变形区后不再发生塑性变形以及工件材料变为切屑后其体积保持不变的假设出发,推导出切屑半径与剪切角的关系式,并求出剪切面的形状.通过对切屑金相磨片的比较分析.证实在高速切削时,剪切面可以简化为向上凸起的曲面.     

Design and Combustion Characteristic Analysis of Free Piston Stirling Engine External Combustion System

The free piston Stirling engine external combustion system was simulated to investigate the diesel-air combustion characteristics in order to demonstrate its feasibility by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The different effects on combustion were distinguished by analyzing the combustion burner, the injection position of diesel oil, the front tube arrangement of Stirling heater head and the back fin. The results show that the tilted front tube arrangement of the heater head with the back fin is the best practicable technology while the distance between the diesel nozzle position and the swirler top is 0. Its total heat flux is 15.6 kW, and the average heat transfer coefficients of the front and back tubes are 127W/(m² · K) and 192W/(m² · K), respectively. The heat transfer is mainly through convection, and the proportion of radiative heat transfer is only 16.9%. The best combustion efficiency of the free piston Stirling engine external combustion system is 86%.     

Two Phase Pressure Drop Performance of Refrigerant in a Small Horizontal Smooth Tube with 2.5 mm inside Diameter

Two-phase flow pressure drop measurements were made during the phase change heat transfer process of R22 in a small horizontal smooth tube with 2.5 mm inside diameter. Conclusions can be drawn that the quality corresponding to the pressure gradient peak value of small tubes became higher than that of large tubes. The effect of quality to pressure drop becomes weak as the mass flux increases. The experiment data were compared with the predicated values of the state-of-the-art correlations from the open literature. The comparisons between the data and the predictions indicate that most of the state-of-the-art correlations fails to predict the experimental data.Chisholm model shows a relatively better predictive ability than the other empirical correlations although it has a mean deviation of 26.7%. But the predicated values of Chisholm model are lower by 50% than the experimental data when the quality becomes larger.     

柴油机散热器的散热性能比较

通过实验及计算得到散热器传热系数的实验值及理论值,对平片型平直翅片管散热器、螺旋形翅片圆管散热器与整体式梳状翅片管散热器在同一工况下的散热性能进行了比较.通过实验导出平片型平直翅片管散热器和整体式梳状翅片管散热器的气侧传热因子二次拟合式.由二次拟合式计算出的2种散热器的传热系数与理论计算系数相比误差较小.     

居民阶梯价格用电量的计量与统计系统设计

本文根据实际需要,设计了居民阶梯价格用电量测量统计系统的硬件和软件。系统选用PIC16F72单片机为计量统计核心,以ADE7755电能专用测量芯片为用电检测手段,配备专用时钟芯片DS12C887、1602液晶显示器和二极管显示以及ps2键盘等外围部件构成,实现用电量测量统计的数字化、智能化以及使用上的人性化。     

Performance research of a micro-CCHP system with adsorption chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP) system,which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine,a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy effciency and economic feasibility,an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW,a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy effciency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical effciency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher effciency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period,which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m3(nominal condition) and electric price of 0.754 RMB/(kW·h) ,the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.     

船用空心电抗器温度场研究

建立了空心电抗器磁场-电路-流场-温度场的耦合计算模型。通过该模型可以计算得到磁场、电感和电流以及空心电抗器的气流场和温度场分布。以一种空心电抗器为例,将温度计算值与实测值作了比较。结果表明,该方法具有较高的计算准确度,能够满足工程设计的要求。