拥挤收费:缓解我国道路交通拥堵的有效途径

随着经济的发展,交通拥挤已成为一个困扰世界各国大中城市的严重问题。本文从理论和现实两方面分析了道路拥挤收费在我国实施的必要性和可行性,并从我国城市交通实际出发,借鉴国外的经验,提出了以道路拥挤收费为主导的交通拥挤治理思路。     

动向

正广西西津二线船闸开工建设近日,由广西交通规划勘察设计研究院勘察设计的广西西津水利枢纽二线船闸工程正式开工建设。西津水利枢纽二线船闸工程是广西实施珠江一西江经济带发展规划的重点工程,也是西江经济带基础设施建设大会战的关键工程。据了解,现有的西津一线船闸建于上世纪90年代,设计年单向通过能力仅为450万吨,现已不能满足广西西江货运量快速增长需求。此次在一线船闸的     

美国公路交通拥挤的管理政策及其效果

<正> 美国是世界上公路交通最发达、也是交通拥挤最严重的国家之一。交通拥挤直接导致经济效益下降、车辆交通事故率上升及汽车排放污染加剧等后果,同时间接地影响人类的生活质量。因此,减缓和控制交通拥挤,一直是美国联邦公路总署及各州郡地方政府公路管理部门的重要任务。     

临沂市道路交通发展初探

通过对临沂城市道路交通拥挤状况的阐述，提出以可持续发展的观念分析解决城市道路交通中的问题。     

城市交通需求管理的层次

随着城市经济迅速发展，人们出行频率和距离人幅增加，也导致了对交通工具需求结构的显著变化，大中城市交通拥挤状况不但没有好转反而有进一步恶化的趋势。事实上，中国包括北京在内的许多大城市所面临的交通问题，是世界发达国家大城市发展进程中曾经遇到的，他们有许多理论、方法和经验可以供我们参考，其中就包括交通需求管理的策略思想。     

综合交通信息系统的整合与改善

随着发达国家交通发展重点从交通系统建设向交通系统管理的转移，对综合交通信息系统的研究和应用进度有加快的趋势。从本质上说，综合交通信息系统代表了一种最高层次的交通系统管理技术，旨在以较低的造价和较短的时间来提高交通系统效率，降低交通拥挤，减轻空气污染和节省能源。     

拥堵收费可行吗？

一直备受争议的“拥堵费”征收最近再次成为社会焦点。 所谓“拥堵费”，是通过在交通拥挤时段，对部分区域道路使用者收取一定的费用，以控制交通出行需求，减少拥挤道路、中心区交通量，缓解紧张状况。     

私人小汽车的发展对城市交通的影响与对策

私人小汽车的迅速发展带来了交通拥挤,而交通拥挤正迅速成为制约我国城市发展的重大问题之一.我国大城市高度密集的城市居住人口和有限的道路空间资源决定了优先发展城市轨道交通是缓解我国交通拥挤形势、实施城市交通可持续发展战略的必然选择.本文分析了国外城市小汽车发展背景态势,在结合我国城市自身发展特点的基础上,提出了我国私人小汽车的主要问题及对策.     

首尔市交通需求管理政策及其效果分析

包括北京市在内的许多大城市都在为慢性交通堵塞问题而感到头疼,为之付出的社会成本正呈现出逐年递增的趋势。由于增加道路交通基础设施面临着环保、融资等方面的难题,因此,实施以减少交通量为目标的交通需求管理方案是大城市缓解交通拥挤的重要选择。本文选择韩国首尔市为研究对象,深入分析了首尔市正在推进的三个交通需求管理方案的实施过程及其效果。     

ITS支持下的城市交通发展策略取向

一、引言 随着世界城市化的进展和汽车的普及,不论是在发展中国家还是在发达国家,交通拥挤加剧、交通事故频繁、交通环境恶化等问题变得日趋严重,同时由于交通堵塞引起的总体资源浪费、排放物对环境的污染等问题更是难于估量。一般来说,解决交通拥挤的直接办法是建设更多的道路交通基础设施,提高路网的通行能力,但对于一个城市而言,可供修建道路的空间和资源是有限的,并且由于交通系统是一个庞大的复杂系统,因而从车辆或道路单方面考虑,都很难从根本上解决问题。在这种背景下,从系统的观点出发,把车辆和道路综合起来考虑,在不大量兴建新的道…     

The Role of Tradable Credit Schemes in Road Traffic Congestion Management

Abstract

Road traffic congestion is not yet reflected in current market prices within the sector and has given rise to a number of instruments to mitigate the resulting negative impacts. The focus of this paper is the tradable credit scheme — an incentive-based economic measure — in order to address traffic congestion. The research questions are (1) whether the state-of-the-art in the literature suggests that tradable credit schemes could be feasibly introduced to mitigate congestion, and (2) whether a tradable credit scheme could have advantages over other instruments. A brief outline of congestion mitigation approaches is provided first to position this type of economic instrument with respect to other measures. The broad issues in the design of a tradable credit scheme are then presented. Most research to date has focused on the use of tradable credits to manage related pollution, but it is clear there is potential to design a scheme for traffic congestion management. To date this is a novel review of tradable credit schemes that has focused specifically on their role in road traffic congestion management.     

Revisiting the relationship between traffic congestion and the economy: a longitudinal examination of U.S. metropolitan areas

Conventional transportation practices typically focus on alleviating traffic congestion affecting motorists during peak travel periods. One of the underlying assumptions is that traffic congestion, particularly during these peak periods, is harmful to a region’s economy. This paper seeks to answer a seemingly straightforward question: is the fear of the negative economic effects of traffic congestion justified, or is congestion merely a nuisance with little economic impact? This research analyzed 30 years of data for 89 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) to evaluate the economic impacts of traffic congestion at the regional level. Employing a two-stage, least squares panel regression model, we controlled for endogeneity using instrumental variables and assessed the association between traffic congestion and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as well as between traffic congestion and job growth for an 11-year time period. We then investigated the relationship between traffic congestion and per capita income for those same 11 years as well as for the thirty-year time period (1982–2011) when traffic congestion data were available. Controlling for the key variables found to be significant in the existing literature, our results suggest that the potential negative impact of traffic congestion on the economy does not deserve the attention it receives. Economic productivity is not significantly negatively impacted by high levels of traffic congestion. In fact, the results suggest a positive association between traffic congestion and per capita GDP as well as between traffic congestion and job growth at the MSA level. There was a statistically insignificant effect on per capita income. There may be valid reasons to continue the fight against congestion, but the idea that congestion will stifle the economy does not appear to be one of them.

     

Managing Traffic by Privatization of Road Capacity: A Property Rights Approach

Abstract

Road congestion remains a serious problem, despite all the efforts to limit road use and to manage growing road traffic volumes. Economic approaches (such as pricing) are introduced based on traditional welfare economic theory. Although they are sometimes very successful, the magnitude of traffic issues also requires alternative and unconventional approaches. Perhaps a more innovative perspective is needed. The paper discusses an alternative economic approach starting from property rights theory. It is translated in transport systems in concepts of infrastructure capacity slot management, where slots are dynamically priced and exclusively allocated to individual users. Debates and practices regarding this approach in air traffic and rail traffic are further developed than in the field of road traffic. The paper aims to explore the potential benefits and disadvantages of the property rights approach for road traffic. Attention is paid to major institutional and technical conditions. The conclusion is that the approach theoretically has clear advantages and seems technologically feasible. Nevertheless, serious political and institutional issues have to be solved first.     

Regulating traffic by controlling land use The Southern California experience

In Los Angeles emphasis in transportation planning has recently shifted from facility construction to transportation system management and the control of land use with the goal of slowing the growth in traffic congestion. This paper critically examines several recent transportation growth management strategies in Los Angeles, and concludes that though they were well intentioned, they might not lead to the intended consequences.     

Distributed MPC for cooperative highway driving and energy-economy validation via microscopic simulations

Traffic congestion and energy issues have set a high bar for current ground transportation systems. With advances in vehicular communication technologies, collaborations of connected vehicles have becoming a fundamental block to build automated highway transportation systems of high efficiency. This paper presents a distributed optimal control scheme that takes into account macroscopic traffic management and microscopic vehicle dynamics to achieve efficiently cooperative highway driving. Critical traffic information beyond the scope of human perception is obtained from connected vehicles downstream to establish necessary traffic management mitigating congestion. With backpropagating traffic management advice, a connected vehicle having an adjustment intention exchanges control-oriented information with immediately connected neighbors to establish potential cooperation consensus, and to generate cooperative control actions. To achieve this goal, a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) scheme is developed accounting for driving safety and efficiency. By coupling the states of collaborators in the optimization index, connected vehicles achieve fundamental highway maneuvers cooperatively and optimally. The performance of the distributed control scheme and the energy-saving potential of conducting such cooperation are tested in a mixed highway traffic environment by the means of microscopic simulations.     

广州市道路交通规划建设探讨

文章针对广州市道路系统规划的基本状况及存在的问题,结合国外城市道路交通规划建设及管理经验,提出了基于小尺度道路网、合理道路等级级配和快速路系统的城市道路交通规划建设优化措施及建议,为缓解城市交通拥堵提供理论依据。     

Transportation planning and institutional rigidities in Surat,India

This paper while reviewing the prevalent traffic and transportation problems in a metropolitan city of India namely Surat, identifies certain institutional rigidities which mar prospects of planned improvements. The old city of Surat known as the Walled City is the center of chronic traffic congestion which is due to a variety of causes. Owing to the past neglect and the on-going developments, the Walled City is beset with numerous traffic and transportation as well as other problems. Based on an indepth analyses of field data, a series of short and long term remedial measures were worked out to cope with the immediate and the future travel demands. Of the proposals made, the traffic management scheme is designed to optimize the use of available infrastructural facilities with a thrust towards bus transportation. However, the success of these measures depends on the relaxation of the outdated practices which could stifle the implementation of the suggested solutions.     

城市绿色交通建设与发展策略综述

绿色交通系统对改善城市交通拥堵,减少交通能耗、环境污染,提高城市的宜居性等方面有着积极的推动作用。文章从城市规划和土地利用开发、交通需求管理、交通基础设施建设等方面阐述了城市绿色交通的建设与发展策略,为发展、建设城市绿色交通提供思路。     

Climate change mitigation and co-benefits of feasible transport demand policies in Beijing

Urban car transportation is a cause of climate change but is also associated with additional burdens such as traffic congestion and air pollution. Studies of external costs and potential impacts of travel demand management help to define policy instruments that mitigate the damaging impact of transportation. Here, we analyze different externalities of car transportation in Beijing and show that social costs induced by motorized transportation are equivalent to about 7.5–15.0% of Beijing’s GDP. Congestion and air pollution contribute the most with climate change costs being the most uncertain. We show that a road charge could not only address congestion but also has environmental benefits. The paper investigates the role of demand elasticities and demonstrates that joint demand and supply-side policies provide considerable synergies.     

An impact analysis of traffic image information system on driver travel choice

A driver is one of the main components in a transportation system that influences the effectiveness of any active demand management (ADM) strategies. As such, the understanding on driver behavior and their travel choice is crucial to ensure the successful implementation of ADM strategies in alleviating traffic congestion, especially in city centres. This study aims to investigate the impact of traffic information dissemination via traffic images on driver travel choice and decision. A relationship of driver travel choice with respect to their perceived congestion level is developed by an integrated framework of genetic algorithm–fuzzy logic, being a new attempt in driver behavior modeling. Results show that drivers consider changing their travel choice when the perceived congestion level is medium, in which changing departure time and diverting to alternative roads are two popular choices. If traffic congestion escalates further, drivers are likely to cancel their trip. Shifting to public transport system is the least likely choice for drivers in an auto-dependent city. These findings are important and useful to engineers as they are required to fully understand driver (user) sensitivity to traffic conditions so that relevant active travel demand management strategies could be implemented successfully. In addition, engineers could use the relationships established in this study to predict drivers’ response under various traffic conditions when carrying out modeling and impact studies.