铝炭微电解去除废水中重金属的效果研究

以重金属废水中Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)为目标污染物,采用铝炭微电解的处理方法对其去除效果进行了对比研究.分别利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线能量色散谱仪(EDS)分析铝屑、活性炭在反应前后的表面物理形貌及物质组成变化,探究铝炭微电解反应原理.结果表明,铝炭微电解对氧化还原电位不同的Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)四种重金属离子去除作用依次减弱;在铝炭质量比为1∶1,反应时间为40 min,初始pH值为3.0,震荡速度为100 r/min时,提高了铝炭微电解对重金属离子的去除效果,使得Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)去除率达到最佳.结合SEM和EDS表征可确定氧化还原和置换作用主要发生在铝屑表面,絮凝共沉淀作用则主要发生在活性炭表面.     

塑性成形工艺中脂肪酸型润滑剂的油膜吸附机理

笔者在《铝和铝合金塑性成形时所用脂肪酸型润滑剂的润滑机理探讨》一文中,详细叙述了脂肪酸分子的结构与其润滑性能的关系。同时还认为,分子结构固然能影响或左右润滑机理,但作为润滑剂的前提条件,润滑剂必须与所润滑的表面形成-牢固的油膜吸附层。因此,有必要进而研究油膜的吸附机埋。本文是笔者根据国外文献资料所提供的有关脂肪酸作为油性剂(和特压剂)的理论和实验数据的综合分析,並引伸说明脂肪酸型润滑剂在塑性成形工艺中的润滑油膜吸附机埋。     

车轮铸钢材料热循环表面氧化特征分析

研究了车轮铸钢在不同温度幅下热疲劳损伤表面及次表层行为。研究发现,表面氧化及剥落现象和氧化物的开裂随循环上限温度的增高而愈加严重;次表层损伤以裂纹为主,附带一些蚀坑。其损伤机理是由于氧化脱碳使铁素体区形成腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑的连接形成微裂纹,热疲劳主裂纹优先通过铁素体区氧化腐蚀坑而向前扩展。     

13CrMo44钢及焊缝金属的疲劳裂纹扩展速率

本文根据美国ASTM F647-81标准,采用紧凑拉伸试样,对13CrMo44钢及用P5(E309Mo)焊条的手弧对接焊缝金属的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了测定.试验采用表面直读法测量裂纹长度、并采用抛物线回归法对大量试验数据进行微机处理.基于Paris公式,得到了13CrMo44钢和焊缝金属的裂纹扩展速率的表达式.     

微流体对中心开孔圆盘的阻尼特性

由缝隙流和挤压流动控制方程得到了滑流边界条件下的粘性修正的流动解．分析了圆盘的运动阻尼与缝隙大小、中心孔径以及圆盘厚度的关系，给出了设计滑膜和压膜合成阻尼的解析表达式．微流体对圆盘的阻尼与圆盘面的表面特性相关．通过修正动量协调系数可得到合适的等效粘度，以计算微流体对运动物体的阻尼力．算例表明，用本文中提出的解析方法得到的结果与有限元方法的数值解吻合．     

铝和铝合金塑性成形时所用脂肪酸型润滑剂的润滑机理探讨

目前在铝和铝合金的塑性成形中,用脂肪酸作为润滑剂,已获得良好的效果。但对其润滑机理,尚未给予确切的解释。本文是从脂肪酸的分子结构、脂肪酸分子间的相互作用力以及吸附理论等方面,结合国内外对脂肪酸作为机械传动中的润滑剂的添加剂的一些实验引伸推论并具体地阐述了脂肪酸型润滑剂在铝和铝合金塑性成形工艺中的润滑机理。     

局部激光表面处理对7075铝合金疲劳性能影响的研究

7075铝合金以其独特的性能广泛应用于载运工具各个行业中,但是,铝合金在焊接后会出现疲劳强度降低的现象,这对载运工具的安全性产能生了消极影响。针对这一现象,采用局部激光表面处理法来改善7075铝合金的疲劳性能。对未处理试样和局部激光表面处理后试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究表明,局部激光表面处理能有效降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率,提高疲劳寿命。ANSYS有限元残余应力分析及硬度试验表明,局部激光表面处理后试样上形成的残余应力场和局部软化现象是疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低的主要因素。     

焊接工艺对6061-T6铝合金接头疲劳性能的影响

通过脉动拉伸疲劳性能试验和对疲劳断口的形貌分析,分别对不同线能量、不同预热温度和不同层间温度下的6061-T6铝合金MIG焊对接接头疲劳性能进行了研究.结果表明:随着线能量的增加和预热温度的降低,接头指定寿命为1×107的中值疲劳极限σ01有所升高,且在不同层间温度下,层间温度为70 ～90℃时中值疲劳极限σ01较高.疲劳试验中所有断裂试件均在焊缝处断裂,其断口形貌分析表明:试验试件焊缝处表面或近表面的气孔是整个疲劳断裂的启裂源,在脉动载荷的作用下,裂纹从此处产生并向内部逐渐扩展.疲劳裂纹启裂区和扩展区具有典型的疲劳断裂特征,疲劳纹清晰,终断区为韧窝型断口形貌.     

铝合金表面镍钼二元化学转化膜的制备及其耐腐蚀性

以NiSO4和Na2MoO4作为成膜主盐制备铝合金表面无铬的Ni-Mo二元化学转化膜,考察了溶液pH值、NiSO4浓度、Na2MoO4浓度、温度对Ni-Mo二元膜耐腐蚀性能的影响.耐腐蚀性试验、电化学分析和SEM表征结果表明：与空白铝合金试片、覆盖Ni一元膜的铝合金试片相比,覆盖Ni-Mo二元膜的铝合金具有更佳的耐腐蚀性能和更为平整的转化膜外观.     

铁铬镍合金在热机械循环迭加条件下表面氧化层开裂特征研究

采用薄膜复型技术研究了不同热机械循环迭加条件下铁铬镍合金表面氧化及氧化层开裂特征行为的细节。研究表明，热机械循环迭加促进表面晶界优先氧化。在热机械循环同相迭加条件下氧化晶界局部开裂与扩展是占优势的断裂方式，而发生在循环后期的裂纹相互连结过程对断裂寿命影响较小。而在反相迭加条件下，合金基体剪切滑移变形诱发高密度表面氧化物裂纹，随着循环的进行，大量扩展裂纹相互连结是主要的断裂方式，从而加速了断裂过程，     

Analysis of the cross-wedge rolling process of toothed shafts made from 2618 aluminium alloy

The paper presents the results of a thermo-mechanical analysis of the rolling two stepped shafts. One of the shafts has a toothed step with skew teeth, while the other has a worm winding in the shape of a trapezoidal screw. The shape of the rolling tools resembles that of the tools used in the Roto-Flo rolling method; yet unlike in Roto-Flo, the shafts are hot-rolled and no centres are used to stabilize the position of the workpiece during the forming process. For the calculations made with use of the DEFORM-3D process simulation system it has been assumed that the rolled shafts are made from 2618 aluminium alloy. As a result of the calculations made, it has been found that the toothed stepped shafts can be formed in one pass by means of the cross rolling process. Additionally, the temperature and strain distribution in the rolled product have been determined as well as some data concerning the forces which are necessary for the rolling process have been obtained.     

Effect of width-to-thickness ratio and thickness profile changing on the critical instable shape during cold strip rolling

Based on the volume constancy with equal flow-per-second and elastic sheet stability theory, a coupling relationship among lateral thickness difference, width-to-thickness ratio of cold rolling strip steel under ideal and actual working conditions, and shape is concluded according to the comprehensive influence principle of various factors on the critical instable shape analyzed in-depth. Firstly, the influence model under actual working condition is developed by referring to the basic relationship between lateral thickness difference and shape under ideal condition. The test results prove that for thin strips with thickness below 0.3 mm, their lateral thickness differences have significant effect on the shape. After then, the combined influence of lateral thickness difference and width-to-thickness ratio on the critical instable shape is concluded according to the elastic sheet stability model, with the synthetic effect of these three factors analyzed. Test data indicate that for cold rolling strip steel with width-to-thickness ratio above 3 000, the critical instability stress difference decreases significantly. Actual measurements are conducted on the lateral thickness differences of two rolls of typical strip manufactured by a sixhigh cold mill, with the influence law of lateral thickness variation and width-to-thickness ratio comprehensively investigated. It is demonstrated that during the production of ultrathin strip steel with different width-to-thickness ratios, the loading roll shapes should be fine adjusted according to the lateral thickness difference of input strips.Therefore, the variation of lateral thickness difference of output strips can meet the requirement of shape stability,so as to obtain fine shape.     

滚动方向对CL60车轮材料接触疲劳损伤的影响

为研究车轮滚动方向对车轮材料接触疲劳损伤的影响机制，利用WR-1滚动磨损试验机进行了车轮单向和双向运行滚滑磨损试验，使用光镜和扫描电镜分析了试验后车轮试样的表面磨损形貌、剖面疲劳裂纹形貌及磨屑尺寸，探究了换向运行工况下车轮表面损伤、裂纹扩展、磨屑尺寸随反向循环次数的演变规律. 研究结果表明:车轮表面损伤以起皮剥落为主，反向循环次数从1万次增加到12万次时，初始剥落逐渐消失，继而形成与原滚动方向相反的新剥落，相同循环次数下改变车轮滚动方向有利于减轻车轮材料疲劳损伤；车轮换向改变了表面微裂纹的扩展方向，形成4°～8° 的反向疲劳裂纹，并出现了裂纹扭曲和分支现象；单向滚动时，随循环次数增加，磨屑尺寸先增大后减小，反向后磨屑厚度先增大后减小，反向1万次时，磨屑厚度增大到10～12 μm，为单向时的两倍.      

Analyse of warm surface rolling on the grooved steel axle

Warm surface rolling is a working process between room temperature and re-crystallization temperature. With warm surface rolling of steel grade 45 grooved axle, its fatigue lifespan was measured by the endurance bending test. The influence of surface rolling reduction on the axle fatigue life period was experimentally studied at different surface rolling temperatures. The experimental results show that the fatigue life of the steel axles can be significantly improved by the warm surface rolling process. The optimum rolling reductions for the maximum fatigue life at different warm surface rolling temperatures were explored. The microstructures of the steel axles were analyzed. The surface strength improved by refining grains after the warm surface rolling was calculated by the Hall-Petch model. These research achievements could be also valuable to the relevant works.     

直接反应法制备异丙醇铝中碘的催化机理

详细探讨了直接反应法制备异丙醇铝过程中单质碘对铝与异丙醇反应的催化机理,得出碘的催化作用在于:碘首先与铝反应生成AlI3,然后AlI3醇解生成异丙醇铝和HI,同时HI与铝反应又生成AlI3和H2.另外对铝与异丙醇的反应中碘的最佳用量以及铝-醇的最佳比例给出了明确的工艺参数.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Effect Related with Material Process and Assembly Variations to Loads Deformation and Stress on HSS Stamping Die

During stamping process, the material properties, process design parameters and production environments inevitably have variation and noisy factors, which possibly affect the sheet metal formability and the deformation of the die structure.After gaining a success in applying sheet metal forming numerical simulation analysis to get the forming loads during stamping process, a methodology of die structure analysis based on sheet metal forming simulation was proposed and validated by experiments.Based on these results, the effect related with initial blank thickness, blank holder force, blank positioning error and die alignment error variations to a DP600 hyperbolic bottomed cup drawing die's forming loads(especially unbalanced loads), and deformation and stress was studied numerically.The influence level of these variations to the die's forming loads, deformation and stress was disclosed.The findings can guide die design, die tryout and process control for high-strength steel(HSS) stamping with increased forming load and decreased sheet metal formability.     

波浪激励下红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆机理

选取具有典型流态化货物特征的红土镍矿、高岭土与红砂土进行了临界含水率和流态化试验, 测定了其临界含水率; 利用激励横摇装置开展了不同激励幅值与频率的激励横摇运动试验, 对比了3种不同货物在不同含水率下倾覆力和力矩的时历特性; 设计了倾覆机理试验, 选择临界含水率红土镍矿作为试验样本, 在波浪水槽中造波激励舱段横摇运动, 再现了红土镍矿运输船舶的倾覆过程, 利用高速摄像机记录了自由液面变化情况, 通过图像处理技术对自由液面进行分割, 根据自由液面情况分析了红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆过程中舱段的浮心和重心变化。试验结果表明: 红土镍矿、红砂土、高岭土的临界含水率分别为33.6%、22.0%、39.4%;对于具有不同性质的土, 在相同激励条件下, 晃荡力与力矩呈现出不同的性质; 当相位差为90°与270°时, 不对称力矩较相位差为0°与180°时增大4.37倍; 红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆主要原因为流态化货物晃荡导致横摇力矩增大、动稳性降低而发生倾覆, 同时, 晃荡力矩与货物性质、激励周期、黏性、激励幅值等多种因素有关。      

SIMULATION OF A COLD ROLLING PLANT'S GOODS DELIVERY FORECASTING SYSTEM

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A new model for simulation of cold roll-forming of tubes by using spline finite strip method

A new model,called object model,for the simulation of cold roll-forming of tubes is presented.The model inherits the advantages of old models and is the embodiment of forming process that the strip is rolled step by step from feed rollers to last rolling pass.The elastic-plastic large deformation spline finite strip method based on updated Lagrangian method has been developed by improving the stiffness and transition matrix.Combined theory formulas and new analytical model,the forming process of a tube has ...     

Numerical simulation of multi-pass rolling force and temperature field of plate steel during hot rolling

Rolling force and temperature field are important parameters in the hot rolling process of plate steel. Most researchers use ANSYS/LS-DYNA and MSC.Marc to simulate the hot rolling process, however, software DEFORM-3D is not used widely in this field. Therefore, in this study, the commercially available finite element analysis software DEFORM-3D is used to simulate the distribution of rolling force, stress-effective, strain-effective and temperature field during the hot rolling process of plate steel with the size of 0.220m×2.070m×1.904m. Both the simulated rolling force and temperature of the multi-pass are compared with the measured results. It is shown that the simulated values by the finite element method are approximate to the measured values in the hot rolling of plate steel. So the simulation can provide an important reference and optimization to make rolling process and parameters in steel factory.