无验潮模式下水下地形测量时延确定方法研究

随着无验潮模式水下地形测量的广泛使用,GPSRTK技术也被应用于水下地形测量中.然而由于RTK系统内部算法.数据传输以及编码问题.导致导航数据与测深数据不同步.从而影响水下地形测量的精度.本文在分析时延现象的基础上,给出了无验潮模式下水下地形测量中时延探测算法.并通过实验验证了该算法的准确性.     

潮间带水下真空预压技术应用的研究

目前国内真空预压加固软土地基的技术应用只限于陆地上,将该项技术拓展于水下软基的技术研究及应用却一直未能实现,其主要原因是水下真空预压加固机理尚不清楚及水下施工工艺存在很多难题,随着抽真空材料、工艺、设备的不断改进,为潮间带水下真空预压的试验研究提供了条件。本文以连云港港庙岭三期排洪沟地基加固工程,通过对排洪沟地基采用水下真空预压技术的工艺,并对工后进行监测,确定了潮间带水下真空预压技术应用的可行性,可为类似工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

水下焊接技术的现状及发展趋势

文中主要介绍了水下焊接面临的问题,包括水下焊接的可见性差,水环境对焊缝的影响,水对焊件冷却速度的影响和焊件连续性的影响等;介绍了常用水下焊接的主要方法,包括高压干法焊接、常压干法焊接和局部干法焊接等;并结合国内外水下焊接的特点、发展现状及发展趋势,对国内的水下焊接技术的进一步发展进行了探讨。     

GPS-RTK在水下地形测量中的应用

RTK(Real Ti me Kinematic)定位技术是GPS定位技术的一项飞跃,文章通过工程实例,介绍了GPS-RTK在水下测量中的应用,对其作业流程和关键技术问题进行了分析,得出了一些有益的结论。     

广深港高速铁路狮子洋水下盾构隧道修建技术

从环保要求与可持续发展战略考虑,水下隧道必将是我国跨江越海交通工程的主要选择方式。广深港客运专线狮子洋隧道为我国首座水下铁路隧道,也是我国第一条特长水下隧道,其设计速度达350 km/h,该隧道为广深港高速铁路的关键性工程。针对该隧道的工程地质环境和采用的盾构法施工技术,特别是该隧道在我国首次采用的盾构对接方法施工,本文重点介绍了该隧道修建的有关设计与施工的技术,并提出了相应的措施。     

索吊式扫床设备在航道疏浚工程中的应用

文章通过对索吊式扫床设备和普通扫床架的对比,分析了素吊式扫床设备的优点,并结合龙圩水道水下炸礁补钻爆破工程实例,介绍了索吊式扫床设备在水下炸礁补钻爆破中的应用原理、方法及使用范围,阐述了其在航道疏浚检测工程中的实用性、安全性与准确性。     

超大直径水下盾构隧道施工技术进展与展望

随着“一带一路”、国家海洋战略、区域经济一体化战略布局发展,大批轨道交通、公路、铁路等大型基础设施工程面临着越江跨海的挑战。从南京长江隧道、上海长江隧道、武汉长江隧道的发端,通过引进、消化、实践、再创新盾构技术,促使我国水下盾构隧道技术进入快速发展阶段,一大批已建和在建超级水下盾构隧道工程极大推动了我国乃至世界水下盾构隧道技术的创新、发展和进步,在水下隧道盾构装备、设计、施工、运维等方面突破了一系列技术瓶颈。文章系统阐述了盾构技术三大要素及其内涵,即土水稳定、盾构设备及控制、结构安全与防水,分析了国内外超大直径水下盾构隧道技术现状与发展趋势,总结了近年来超大直径水下盾构隧道技术方面取得的重要创新成果,提出了大直径、长距离、高水压、复杂地质条件下水下盾构隧道工程的技术挑战、对策及工程应用前景。     

盾构法施工水下隧道控制管片上浮施工技术

文章以广州轨道交通某盾构法施工的过江隧道为背景,详细阐述了盾构法施工水下段管片上浮的问题。从地质、盾构掘进、同步注浆、二次补充注浆等几方面分析原因,总结出一套控制复杂地层水下隧道管片上浮的施工技术措施。实践证明,这些技术措施是行之有效的,并成功解决了管片上浮在盾构法施工中普遍存在的技术难题。     

控制爆破在铁路特大桥基础施工中的应用

文章结合南宁至广州铁路北流河特大桥深水基础施工实例,对水下控制爆破施工时爆破参数的选择、钻孔布置形式、水下钻孔超深值的确定、装药及爆破技术等进行了介绍,并阐述了主要施工控制措施及爆破效果。     

基于改进Dijkstra算法的路径优化仿真研究

文章针对传统Dijkstra算法在路径优化过程中存在的不足,从路网拓扑关系存储和快速搜索技术两方面对其进行了改进,得到了一种改进的Dijkstra算法,并通过实例仿真分析,验证了该算法的有效性。     

A network enhancement model with integrated lane reorganization and traffic control strategies

Lane reorganization strategies such as lane reversal, one‐way street, turning restriction, and cross elimination have demonstrated their effectiveness in enhancing transportation network capacity. However, how to select the most appropriate combination of those strategies in a network remains challenging to transportation professionals considering the complex interactions among those strategies and their impacts on conventional traffic control components. This article contributes to developing a mathematical model for a traffic equilibrium network, in which optimization of lane reorganization and traffic control strategies are integrated in a unified framework. The model features a bi‐level structure with the upper‐level model describing the decision of the transportation authorities for maximizing the network capacity. A variational inequality (VI) formulation of the user equilibrium (UE) behavior in choosing routes in response to various strategies is developed in the lower level. A genetic algorithm (GA) based heuristic is used to yield meta‐optimal solutions to the model. Results from extensive numerical analyses reveal the promising property of the proposed model in enhancing network capacity and reducing congestion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.