磁处理对南海原油凝点的影响规律研究

通过对原油进行磁处理,可以改善原油的流动性,降低其输送成本。通过控制磁化温度、磁化转速和磁化强度,对模拟南海原油油样进行磁处理后凝点变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:磁处理能降低南海原油的凝点,磁化温度、磁化转速和磁化强度对南海原油的凝点均有影响。在40~80℃的温度区间内,磁化温度越高,磁处理降凝效果越好;在0~100 mT的磁场强度范围内,随着磁化强度增加,凝点具有不断降低趋势;最优的磁化转速为1000 r/min,在此转速下,实验油样凝点降低了4.7%。     

河口-沾化输油管道加剂试验研究

河沾线管输原油黏度大，凝固点高，管输困难，为解决此问题，进行了河沾线应用BEM－5P流动性改进剂对原油具有较好的降凝，降黏效果，运行温度40℃以上时降黏幅度约20％；30℃和25℃的降黏幅度可达46．3A％和68．9％；全线降凝幅度为12－14℃。另外，BEM－5剂具有很好的分散性，对河沾线原油具有良好的改性效果。加剂后可降低管道的运行温度，增加运行的性，并取得了一定的经济效益。     

高含蜡原油降凝减阻方法

以青海原油为例，对高含蜡低胶质沥青质原油的降凝减阻方法进行了研究。研究表明：高含蜡低胶质沥青质原油，蜡晶多且大，在低温时能够形成可逆网状结构，热处理温度高，处理效果差，而且处理温度选择不当还会使原油的低温流动性恶化。采用降凝剂降凝减阻效果明显优于热处理。加剂处理原油的物性受加热历史和强剪切速率影响很大，多次重复低温加热或在析蜡高峰进行强剪切，会严重影响加剂原油的低温流动性。由于高合蜡低胶质原油组分的影响，降凝剂的降凝作用还不够理想，需要进一步研究。     

火灾对埋地管道中油品温度影响的数值研究

地面发生火灾时,土壤中原有的热平衡被破坏,土壤温度、地下管道温度将产生变化,从而进一步影响管内输送介质的温度,使其不断升高,当油品温度升高到一定值时,管道安全将受到影响.针对此情况建立非稳态传热模型,给出了微分方程;运用有限差分法对模型进行了数值模拟计算,其中对管道采取分段传热计算,并对结果进行分析.通过该研究,得出发生火灾后,埋地管道内输送油品的沿程温度变化规律,从而为火灾后的埋地输油管道性能安全评估提供了科学依据.     

稠油掺稀后混油黏度计算方法的研究

稀释输送是传统的稠油降黏输送方法,因其工艺简单,降黏效果在管输过程中较稳定,一直在国内外得到广泛应用。但稠油中加入稀油后其混油黏度又是一个难点,混油黏温数据是摩阻计算的重要参数,是输油管道设计和运行管理的重要参数,其准确性对水力计算结果至关重要。对混合原油的黏度计算,国内外学者提出了不少经验公式、半经验公式以及计算图表,且大多是利用实验数据通过线性回归得到的,每种模型都有一定的适用范围。通过对Cragoe模型进行修正,得出稠油掺入稀油黏度计算需分段选择模型的结论。     

原油顺序输送的现状与展望

通过对国内外现有油品顺序输送管道的发展情况的了解,以及对国内外油品顺序输送中的混油机理、界面检测、界面隔离、减少混油措施等现有技术进行总结,对国产原油-进口原油顺序输送所应解决的问题进行了阐述,最后提出对顺序输送技术的展望,并提出应该急需研究的油品顺序输送所应注意的相关技术问题。     

原油管道漏磁检测技术影响因素分析

根据漏磁检测原理制备了多种型号的管道漏磁内检测器,并将检测器在多条原油管道上进行了检测。综合分析各条管道的检测情况,可以确定除了检测器自身因素外,仍有管径、油品、运行方式和运行温度等因素对检测效果有一定的影响。通过对比不同管径、不同工艺参数下的检测结果,并对这几项因素的影响进行分析,初步确定了管径、油品、运行方式和运行温度等因素对检测效果的影响规律,并给出了一些降低其影响的措施。     

西部原油管道注入支线投产与运行分析

以西部原油管道三塘湖注入支线投产工程为例,运用实验方法,分析注入油品对干线运行产生的影响。认为在2~50℃的范围内,向兰成油中掺入小于等于40%的三塘湖原油,不会对西部原油管道的安全运行产生影响。通过进一步研究制定并实施管道投产及注入方案,确保注入支线及干线管道安全平稳运行。三塘湖注入支线投产为同类管道注入支线投产工作提供借鉴。     

原油管道内腐蚀检测技术研究

某输油站内原油管道过路埋地段在使用过程中,发生了内腐蚀穿孔泄漏。文中针对该条原油管道内腐蚀泄漏情况,通过使用超声相控阵内腐蚀检测技术对该条管线进行内腐蚀缺陷扫查,并结合管段相对高程和管内原油介质成分分析结果,对该条原油管道内腐蚀穿孔现象进行原因分析。结果表明,该条管道属于典型的静置管道,管内原油含水量大,氯含量较高,油品呈弱酸性,内腐蚀多发生于该条管道局部低洼位置底部6点钟附近,腐蚀失效主要原因为静置管道原油沉积水造成的电化学腐蚀。     

稠油降黏集输方法综述

综述了几种常用降黏集输方法（包括加热降黏、乳化降黏、低黏液环输送和掺稀输送等）的降黏原理及优缺点，并介绍了各方法的发展情况及应用现状。针对稀释降黏法，利用液化石油气（LPG）替代部分重稀释剂的稠油降黏方法更经济有效。通过对几种降黏输送方法的综合比较，认为采用化学降黏方法在稠油降黏中具有一定的优势，最后指出研制多元复配型高效降黏剂，研制高效（既降凝又降黏）的降凝降黏剂及利用各种方法的复合技术进行降黏将是稠油降黏技术的主要发展方向。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.