Model predictive driving simulator motion cueing algorithm with actuator-based constraints

The simulator motion cueing problem has been considered extensively in the literature; approaches based on linear filtering and optimal control have been presented and shown to perform reasonably well. More recently, model predictive control (MPC) has been considered as a variant of the optimal control approach; MPC is perhaps an obvious candidate for motion cueing due to its ability to deal with constraints, in this case the platform workspace boundary. This paper presents an MPC-based cueing algorithm that, unlike other algorithms, uses the actuator positions and velocities as the constraints. The result is a cueing algorithm that can make better use of the platform workspace whilst ensuring that its bounds are never exceeded. The algorithm is shown to perform well against the classical cueing algorithm and an algorithm previously proposed by the authors, both in simulation and in tests with human drivers.     

A theoretical justification of the sine with dwell manoeuvre

The sine with dwell (SWD) manoeuvre has received much attention within the context of vehicle stability testing. This manoeuvre is used in a test developed by the NHTSA, designed to certificate electronic stability control systems in light vehicles. The test is used in legislations as well as in consumer tests all over the globe. The SWD manoeuvre was designed using test vehicles on a test track and experimentally validated. The paper at hand uses optimal control theory to theoretically justify the use of the SWD manoeuvre to produce a severe lateral motion and over-steering based on steering input. It is shown that a manoeuvre similar to the SWD manoeuvre can be obtained from an optimal control problem using simple vehicle dynamics models. The optimal control method is further used to analyse the manoeuvre's robustness with respect to vehicle dimensions and tyre properties. It is shown that the manoeuvre is robust in dimensions, which theoretically motivates its application for various sizes of vehicles.     

Optimal tyre usage for a Formula One car

Variations in track temperature, surface conditions and layout have led tyre manufacturers to produce a range of rubber compounds for race events. Each compound has unique friction and durability characteristics. Efficient tyre management over a full race distance is a crucial component of a competitive race strategy. A minimum lap time optimal control calculation and a thermodynamic tyre wear model are used to establish optimal tyre warming and tyre usage strategies. Lap time sensitivities demonstrate that relatively small changes in control strategy can lead to significant reductions in the associated wear metrics. The illustrated methodology shows how vehicle setup parameters can be optimised for minimum tyre usage.     

Nonlinear optimal integrated vehicle control using individual braking torque and steering angle with on-line control allocation by using state-dependent Riccati equation technique

This paper proposes the solution of state-dependent Riccati equation as a nonlinear optimal regulator to stabilise the motion dynamics of the vehicle model subjected to sudden disturbance inputs in the lateral direction. The proposed nonlinear regulator coordinates individually actuated wheel braking torque and steering wheel angle simultaneously in an optimal manner. Performance criteria are satisfied by solving the Riccati equation based on the given cost function subjected to the nonlinear vehicle dynamics. On-line control allocation in terms of optimal brake torque distribution enhanced by optimal wheel steering angle input is achieved. Furthermore, the proposed optimal nonlinear regulator is an active fault-tolerant control system against partial by-wire actuator failures while guaranteeing stability with good performance due to its capability to allocate the individual control inputs in an optimal way. The main aim is to stabilise the motion dynamics of the vehicle model during short-term emergency situations along the desired straight trajectory manageable by average drivers and to provide vehicle stability and handling predictability through the interaction of individual wheel braking and steering actuators. Simulation results are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

基于路面附着系数曲线的最佳滑移率计算方法

滑模控制应用于ABS系统中可较好地跟踪任意指定滑移率,但最佳滑移率却随着路面情况而变化。从单轮制动时动力学模型着手,提出了基于附着系数曲线求取最佳滑移率的防抱死制动方法,间接实现了滑模控制器对最佳滑移率的跟踪控制,并通过计算机仿真,验证了此方法的可行性和有效性。     

Vehicle dynamic control of a passenger car applying flexible body model

Modern software tools have enhanced modelling, analysis and simulation capabilities pertaining to control of dynamic systems. In this regard, in this paper a full vehicle model with flexible body is exposed by using MSC. ADAMS and MSC. NASTRAN. Indeed, one of the most significant vehicle dynamic controls is directional stability control. In this case, the vehicle dynamic control system (VDC) is used to improving the vehicle lateral and yaw motions in critical manoeuvres. In this paper, for design the VDC system, an optimal control strategy has been used for tracking the intended path with optimal energy. For better performance of VDC system, an anti-lock brake system (ABS) is designed as a lower layer of the control system for maintaining the tyre longitudinal slip in proper value. The performances of the controller on rigid and flexible models are illustrated, and the results show the differences between the control efforts for these models, which are related to the differences of dynamic behaviours of rigid and flexible vehicle dynamic models.     

DCT直线型换挡动力学仿真（续1）

为了使汽车冲击度和离合器滑摩功能够满足换挡品质的要求,文章对装有双离合器自动变速器（DCT）的汽车进行了动力学仿真分析,建立其变速器动力传动系统模型。并针对变速器直线型换挡过程中冲击度和滑摩功难以同时达到最优的问题,采用遗传算法对离合器油压值进行优化控制,获得油压-时间的最优控制曲线,将优化后的控制曲线代入仿真模型,结果表明,冲击度和滑摩功均达到较为理想的状态。     

基于MPC的分布式驱动越野车辆原地转向控制研究

针对轮毂电机分布式驱动越野车辆在狭小空间快速机动的需求,设计了一种分层结构的原地转向控制策略。基于动力学原理分析了各轮载荷、附着条件对原地转向横摆速度的影响机理,并搭建原地转向运动学模型,上层采用模型预测控制算法设计原地转向理想轨迹以及期望的横摆角速度,开发基于PI滑模控制的横摆运动跟踪算法,通过补偿转向横摆力矩以提高方向角控制的鲁棒性和稳定性,下层以最优轮胎利用率为目标,设计二次规划算法优化分配各轮附加横摆力矩。dSPACE硬件在环测试结果表明,所提出的控制算法可在保证稳定性的前提下实现原地转向,大幅提高了车辆的转向机动性,在方向盘动态输入仿真中,车辆最大转弯半径为0.157 m,转向中心的最大偏移量为3.610 m;同时,驾驶员能对转向过程进行闭环控制,实现了原地转向过程中横摆速度的实时调节。     

Optimal control to modelling motorcycle rider steering: local versus global coordinate systems in rider preview

The response of a motorcycle is heavily dependent on the rider’s control actions, and consequently a means of replicating the rider’s behaviour provides an important extension to motorcycle dynamics. The primary objective here is to develop effective path-following simulations and to understand how riders control motorcycles. Optimal control theory is applied to the tracking of roadway by a motorcycle, using a non-linear motorcycle model operating in free control by steering torque input. A path-following controller with road preview is designed by minimising tracking errors and control effort. Tight controls with high weightings on performance and loose controls with high weightings on control power are defined. Special attention is paid to the modelling of multipoint preview in local and global coordinate systems. The controller model is simulated over a standard single lane-change manoeuvre. It is argued that the local coordinates point of view is more representative of the way that a human rider operates and interprets information. The simulations suggest that for accurate path following, using optimal control, the problem must be solved by the local coordinates approach in order to achieve accurate results with short preview horizons. Furthermore, some weaknesses of the optimal control approach are highlighted here.     

基于车辆动力学模型的换道轨迹规划研究

针对自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹规划时的操纵稳定性问题，基于CarSim/Simulink仿真平台建立了车辆动力学模型，构建了轨迹规划系统框架，通过轨迹信息后处理并提出了目标函数设计，进行了横向控制序列采样以保证车辆的稳定与极限性能，完成了算法对轨迹的综合评价选优。随后开展了仿真试验，对比分析了轨迹跟踪控制系统下的实际轨迹、最优规划方法所规划的换道轨迹。仿真结果表明，该轨迹规划系统框架及算法模型能有效提高车辆的操纵稳定性，可实现冰雪路面等极端工况下自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹规划。     

燃料电池轿车动力系统线性二次型最优控制研究

建立了包括燃料电池发动机、电机及其控制器、动力蓄电池组在内的燃料电池轿车动力系统的动态数学模型,根据系统的噪声特性,将动力系统线性二次型最优控制问题归结为线性二次型高斯问题,并建立了考虑随机干扰的燃料电池轿车动力系统线性二次型最优动力控制算法。离线仿真和实车转鼓试验证明,该算法能够充分考虑动力系统主要部件的动力性和经济性,具有一定的实用价值。     

A Mathematical Model for Driver Steering Control,with Design,Tuning and Performance Results

A mathematical model for the steering control of an automobile is described. The structure of the model derives from linear optimal discrete time preview control theory but it is non-linear. Its parameter values are obtained by heuristic methods, using insight gained from the linear optimal control theory. The driver model is joined to a vehicle dynamics model and the path tracking performance is demonstrated, using moderate manoeuvring and racing speeds. The model is shown to be capable of excellent path following and to be robust against changes in the vehicle dynamics. Application to the simulation of manoeuvres specified by an ideal vehicle path and further development of the model to formalise the derivation of its parameter values and to put it to other uses are discussed.     

A Mathematical Model for Driver Steering Control, with Design, Tuning and Performance Results

A mathematical model for the steering control of an automobile is described. The structure of the model derives from linear optimal discrete time preview control theory but it is non-linear. Its parameter values are obtained by heuristic methods, using insight gained from the linear optimal control theory. The driver model is joined to a vehicle dynamics model and the path tracking performance is demonstrated, using moderate manoeuvring and racing speeds. The model is shown to be capable of excellent path following and to be robust against changes in the vehicle dynamics. Application to the simulation of manoeuvres specified by an ideal vehicle path and further development of the model to formalise the derivation of its parameter values and to put it to other uses are discussed.     

新型视觉区域智能车辆导航控制器设计

简要介绍了基于机器视觉导航区域智能车辆(CyberCar)的导航原理和组成。首先采用逆M序列作为辨识输入信号和最小二乘算法得到车辆转向系统的系统辨识特征方程,结合预瞄运动学模型和车辆二自由度转向动力学模型,从而建立车辆基于视觉预瞄的转向动力学控制数学模型,根据线性二次型最优控制理论得到状态线性反馈的最优控制规律。通过仿真分析和试验,验证了最优控制器在CyberCar户外路径跟踪过程中平稳、可靠。     

汽车电子防抱制动系统仿真的研究

本文分析了汽车车轮制动瞬态动力学，结合精确的１５自由度空间刚体动力学模型，定量地分析了车轮抱死松开所获得的加减速度值，并为防抱制动提供了准确的加减速度阈值，同时考虑到防抱制动系统本身装置的特性，提出了最佳又符合实际的制动矩控制参数，使用仿真结果更接近实际，为电子防抱制动系统的研究提供较完整的理论体系和分析方法，并开发了汽车电子防抱制动系统模型（ＨＶＯＳＭ－ＡＢＳ）及模拟程序，该程序具有１６种不同的     

考虑信号优先的相邻公交停靠站最佳布置方法

首先建立了在离线信号配时方案下,单个车辆通过信号控制交叉口群的信号延误计算模型;进而以车均延误最小为目标,建立了停靠站最佳布置的选择模型。通过对优化模型解的分析表明,不同的信号协调配时方案对应不同的停靠站最佳布置方案,单点最优解的叠加并非是全局最优解。以两个交叉口和两个停靠站的实际案例进行计算分析,得出在信号优先协调控制方案下的停靠站最佳布置方案,最佳布置方案的下车辆延误明显低于其他方案。最后通过微观仿真软件VISSIM验证了模型的计算结果。     

客车防侧翻控制的仿真研究

本文采用牛顿欧拉方法,建立客车在纵向、横向、侧倾与横摆等方向的底盘四自由度（4-DOF）复杂模型。针对客车防侧翻控制要求,建立适合控制设计的简化模型。然后,采用横向载荷转移率来判断客车侧翻临界状态,并将其作为客车侧倾动力学稳定性的控制目的。运用滑模控制方法,设计控制器。最后,以模拟客车极限行驶工况的Fishhook和J-turn为系统的扰动,仿真研究控制器的功能与性能。     

基于高斯伪谱法的自动驾驶车辆状态研究

针对自动驾驶车辆的多阶段多约束轨迹优化问题,根据高斯伪谱法的思路,建立了基于场景的环境模型和车辆动力学模型,设置了车辆动力学约束、速度约束等各种状态约束,包括自动驾驶在每一阶段的起始状态和终了状态等参数的约束条件。采用高斯伪谱法通过将控制变量和状态变量进行离散化来获得其近似表达式,从而将自动驾驶的轨迹规划问题转化成性能指标的优化问题,最终求得了自动驾驶车辆的安全、有效的路径轨迹。研究结果表明:高斯伪谱法具有计算精度高、求解速度快的特点,能在考虑各种约束条件下,实现多阶段轨迹优化。     

Vehicle dynamics control by using a three-dimensional stabilizer pendulum system

Active safety systems of a vehicle normally work well on tyre–road interactions, however, these systems deteriorate in performance on low-friction road conditions. To combat this effect, an innovative idea for the yaw moment and roll dynamic control is presented in this paper. This idea was inspired by the chase and run dynamics animals like cheetahs in the nature; cheetahs have the ability to swerve while running at very high speeds. A cheetah controls its dynamics by rotating its long tail. A three-dimensional stabilizer pendulum system (3D-SPS) resembles the rotational motion of the tail of a cheetah to improve the stability and safety of a vehicle. The idea has been developed in a stand-alone 3D stabilizer pendulum system as well as in an integrated control system, which consists of an ordinary differential braking direct yaw control (DYC) and active steering control that is assisted by the 3D-SPS. The performance of the proposed 3D-SPS has been evaluated over a wide range of handling manoeuvres by using a comprehensive numerical simulation. The results show the advantage of 3D-SPS over conventional control approaches, which are ineffective on low-friction road conditions and high lateral acceleration manoeuvres. It should however be noted that the best vehicle dynamics performance is obtained when an integrated 3D-SPS and DYC and AFS is utilised.