公路隧道排送通风系统升压模式分析研究

基于动量定理及能量守恒定律,推导了公路隧道排、送风升压计算理论公式。并应用数值计算方法求得不同工况下公路隧道排、送风升压值,同时将数值计算结果与理论计算值和规范计算值进行了比较分析。对现行规范排、送风升压计算公式中相关系数进行了修正,并给出了理论合理、形式简单的新的排、送风升压计算公式。相关研究结论可供公路隧道通风设计计算参考。     

车用往复式真空泵的设计方法

介绍了一种车用往复式真空泵的工作原理。基于泵体几何参数、电机工作参数、进排气单向阀的压力损失与干摩擦损失和环境因素的影响,建立了往复式真空泵性能计算模型,并给出了往复式真空泵的真空度、到达指定压力所需时间和功耗的计算方法。计算并实测了某款往复式真空泵的性能,其计算值和实测值吻合较好,表明所建立的往复式真空泵性能计算模型精度较高。     

桥梁满堂支架施工力学计算模型研究与应用

根据满堂支架的结构及受力特征,分析了满堂支架荷载计算方法以及立杆、底模、纵向方木、横向方木等主要组成构件的计算模型,并借助路桥施工计算专家系统RBCCE实现支架构件的力学计算,实现了满堂施工力学计算过程的简单化、标准化和高效率。     

箱形截面柱正截面强度计算浅析

推导了箱形截面柱强度计算的公式。并根据工程设计的需要,对其截面配筋和强度计算问题分别进行了分析。通过电脑编程实现了整个计算,并提高了设计计算的效率。     

交通信息提取计算理论及其技术框架与发展策略

在概要介绍信息提取计算技术(Granular Computing)的发展概况、有关概念、基本理念和技术要点的基础上,分析信息提取计算技术对于交通数据处理的适用性,将信息提取计算技术引入交通数据处理领域,从理论方法、支撑环境和应用技术三个方面,提出了交通信息提取计算技术的概念模型和技术框架,并在理论方法上进行了较大拓展,融入了传统数学方法、知识发现型方法和非量化方法。最后,分析并提出了交通信息提取计算技术的总体发展思路和推进策略。     

浅析工程造价中的土石方计量

该文论述了在市政工程造价编审的实践工作中关于土方计算方面存在的问题,包括工程量计算、定额套用、费用计算等,对这些问题进行了分析,并阐明了解决问题的方法。     

某大跨径混凝土连续刚构桥静力计算探讨

针对某连续刚构桥开展了正常使用极限状态应力、承载力极限状态抗弯、正常使用极限状态挠度、预应力钢束最大拉应力等验算,介绍了该桥静力计算的计算参数、计算方法以及计算内容,并对计算结果给出了评价.     

现代轿车发动机主要零部件设计计算方法

详细介绍了利用现代设计方法对某一现代轿车发动机的各主要零部件进行设计与计算的过程 ,其中包括一维非定常流动有限体积法的热力工作过程模拟、运动学与动力学计算、曲线平衡性能计算、轴系扭转振动计算 ,并对各计算结果进行了分析。     

变截面车架牵引车减振器系统设计

本文介绍了变截面车架牵引车减振器系统设计分析过程,从安装方式分析、最大卸荷力计算、缸径计算、行程计算、安装角度及匹配减振器支架设计等方面进行了详细的计算分析,并对其中关键设计点进行校核分析。     

大功率永磁同步电机温升研究

本文围绕一台200kW纯电动汽车用大功率永磁同步电机,首先建立电机温升数值计算模型并计算了峰值工况温升时间;其次建立电机温升有限元仿真模型,计算得到峰值工况温度场及运行时间;再次研究了不同热负荷下采用数值计算方法和有限元仿真方法计算峰值工况温升时间差异,并对数值计算方法进行了修正;最后搭建电机温升实验台架,得到峰值工况电机实测温升时间。结果表明,修正后的数值计算方法、有限元仿真方法均与实测误差较小,两种方法具有一定的准确性。     

关于轮胎的圈模型

综述轮胎圈模型的历史与现状，指出各种圈模型之间差异的物理实质。在此基础上，考虑完全的非线性应变项、正确的初始应力和气压做功公式，利用Hamilton9变分原理得到了轮胎圈模型的一般动力学方程。文献中的方程可由本文的一般控制方程退化得到。利用轮胎的试验模态参数和轮胎圈模型的特征方程确定圈模型的物理参数。对195／70R14型轮胎给出了具体的数算例和试验结果，分析表明所提模型和方法是合理的。     

On the interest of integrating vehicle dynamics for the ground propagation of vibrations: the case of urban railway traffic

This paper presents a complete numerical model for studying the vertical dynamics of the vehicle/track interaction and its impact on the surrounding soil, with the emphasis on vehicle modelling. A decoupling between the track and the soil is proposed, due to the difficulty of considering all the subsystem components. The train/track model is based on a multibody model (for the vehicle) and a finite element model (for the track). The soil is modelled using an infinite/finite element approach. Simulations of both models are carried out in the time domain, which is better able to simulate the propagation of the vibration waves and to take into account the possible nonlinearity of a component. The methodology is applied in the case of an urban tram track and validated with the available experimental data. Models for the tram, the track and the soil are described. Results from the complete model of the vehicle and a simple model, based on an axle load, are compared with experimental results and the benefits of a complete model in the simulation of the ground vibration propagation induced by railway vehicles are demonstrated. Moreover, a parametric study of the vehicle wheel type is conducted, which shows the advantage of a resilient wheel, for various rail defects.     

A new method for the solution of the normal contact problem in the dynamic simulation of railway vehicles

Due to requirements related to computational efficiency, in the majority of railway dynamic simulators the Hertz theory is used for solving the normal problem in wheel/rail contact. This theory is based on a large number of assumptions. Particularly noteworthy is the assumed simplification that the undeformed distance between the bodies in contact can be assimilated by a quadratic function. There are many situations in which the undeformed distance cannot be represented by this kind of function. As such, the results obtained with Hertz theory in these cases are not accurate.

In this paper, a new method for solving the normal problem that overcomes the above-mentioned limitation is presented. First, the exactness of the new method is tested with Hertzian cases. The results obtained are almost exact. Second, the results calculated with the new method in more general cases are compared with the ones obtained with the variational method of Kalker (more exact but computationally less efficient).     

Effect of Connecting the Front and Rear Air Suspensions of a Vehicle on the Transmissibility of Road Undulation Inputs

Airsprings have been used for vehicle suspensions over the last 40 years. They are mostly used as independent suspensions. Analysis of air springs available in literature is mostly limited to a single-degree-of-freedom system or a two-degrees-of-freedom system only in the translation mode. This paper deals with a model of a vehicle where the front and the rear springs are connected by a capillary tube. A two-degrees-of-freedom model having motion in bounce and pitch mode is presented. Equations of mass flow are linearized on the assumption of small variations in volume and pressure. Expressions for the transmissibility and the phase angle in the bounce and the pitch mode are derived. Road inputs to the front and the rear axles are assumed to be identical except for a phase difference between them. The effect of the capillary flow coefficient and that of the phase angle between the front and the rear axle excitation are studied. It is shown that an optimum value of the capillary flow coefficient exists which minimizes the transmissibility of motion in both modes over the entire frequency range. It is also observed that a phase angle of 180 degrees presents ideal transmissibility characteristics. Thus, a promising application of air springs for a vehicle suspension is presented.     

Effect of Connecting the Front and Rear Air Suspensions of a Vehicle on the Transmissibility of Road Undulation Inputs

SUMMARY

Airsprings have been used for vehicle suspensions over the last 40 years. They are mostly used as independent suspensions. Analysis of air springs available in literature is mostly limited to a single-degree-of-freedom system or a two-degrees-of-freedom system only in the translation mode. This paper deals with a model of a vehicle where the front and the rear springs are connected by a capillary tube. A two-degrees-of-freedom model having motion in bounce and pitch mode is presented. Equations of mass flow are linearized on the assumption of small variations in volume and pressure. Expressions for the transmissibility and the phase angle in the bounce and the pitch mode are derived. Road inputs to the front and the rear axles are assumed to be identical except for a phase difference between them. The effect of the capillary flow coefficient and that of the phase angle between the front and the rear axle excitation are studied. It is shown that an optimum value of the capillary flow coefficient exists which minimizes the transmissibility of motion in both modes over the entire frequency range. It is also observed that a phase angle of 180 degrees presents ideal transmissibility characteristics. Thus, a promising application of air springs for a vehicle suspension is presented.     

Optimization of the Lateral Stability of Rail Vehicles

Summary The lateral stability of a rail vehicle is optimized using a combination of multibody dynamics, sequential quadratic programming, and a genetic algorithm. Several steps are taken to validate this integrated approach and to show its effectiveness. First, a hand-derived solution to a 17 degree of freedom linear rail vehicle model is compared to the simulation results from the A'GEM multibody dynamics software. Second, the calculation of the 'critical speed' (above which a rail vehicle response becomes unstable) using sequential quadratic programming is validated for a specific example. In the process, the existence of sharply-discontinuous 'cliffs' in the plots of critical speed versus suspension stiffnesses are identified. These cliffs, which are due to switching of the least-damped mode in the system, greatly hinder the application of gradient-based optimization methods. Two methods that do not require gradient information, a genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead's Simplex algorithm, are used to optimize the critical speed. The two algorithms and their results are compared. In recognition of the cliff phenomenon, the definition of critical speed is generalized to make it a more practical measure of lateral stability.     

Experimental investigation on the efficiency of the pulley-drive CVT

Because of their outstanding advantages over other transmissions, rubber V-belt pulley drive CVTs have been extensively used in low-power vehicles, such as scooters and snowmobiles. A rubber V-belt CVT installed on a snowmobile is used here to research transmission efficiency. The power loss of CVTs, including torque loss and speed loss, is studied based on an analysis of the transmission mechanism of CVTs. Experiments on CVT efficiency are conducted on a specific CVT test bench, on which the values of torque, speed, and displacement, etc., are measured. Results show that the variation trend of the efficiency is close to the operating conditions of CVTs and optimal structural parameters are given that can serve as a beneficial references for designing and tuning CVTs.     

Optimization of the Lateral Stability of Rail Vehicles

Summary The lateral stability of a rail vehicle is optimized using a combination of multibody dynamics, sequential quadratic programming, and a genetic algorithm. Several steps are taken to validate this integrated approach and to show its effectiveness. First, a hand-derived solution to a 17 degree of freedom linear rail vehicle model is compared to the simulation results from the A'GEM multibody dynamics software. Second, the calculation of the ‘critical speed’ (above which a rail vehicle response becomes unstable) using sequential quadratic programming is validated for a specific example. In the process, the existence of sharply-discontinuous ‘cliffs’ in the plots of critical speed versus suspension stiffnesses are identified. These cliffs, which are due to switching of the least-damped mode in the system, greatly hinder the application of gradient-based optimization methods. Two methods that do not require gradient information, a genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead's Simplex algorithm, are used to optimize the critical speed. The two algorithms and their results are compared. In recognition of the cliff phenomenon, the definition of critical speed is generalized to make it a more practical measure of lateral stability.     

狮子洋隧道盾构对接方案的模糊判断法

盾构长距离施工对接方案设计具有决定因素多、边界条件模糊等特点。采用模糊数学隶属函数计算目标函数的极值方法,对对接方案进行定量分析,并以广深港客运专线狮子洋隧道为例,针对机械对接、土木对接的直接掘进方式与土木对接的地层加固方式施工方案的最优选择,将设备、地层加固、安全与质量及经济性作为方案选择模糊集进行影响分析,求解模糊约束条件下的最大值,分析了盾构地下直接掘进对接方案在该工程中的最优性。     

Some of the Problems Related to the Design of Primitive Levered Vehicles1

SUMMARY

The primitive levered vehicle, with limited modes of operation, is discussed. It is pointed out that stable modes of operation, which are developed from a knowledge of the requirements of levered locomotion in machines, must be a reality before the successful operation of such a machine is achieved. The problems include the development of an adequate lever system, an actuation system, and a control system which regulates the foot placement and the motion pattern of each lever. If the machine is to be useful it must be capable of maneuvering, of adjustment to terrain irregularities and of recovery from gross motion disturbances.

Levered vehicles are classified into automatic and operator monitored machines, the latter being those with complete operator control of all lever motions. The problems include lever design, the foot locus, actuation systems, and lever arrangements. Some design considerations are also considered with respect to two specific types of lever arrangements. A design approach utilizing a Visual simulation* technique, operated with the help of a graphic computer terminal is also suggested.