Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a Tracked Vehicle Featuring Semi-Active Electro-Rheological Suspension Units

This paper presents vibration control of a tracked vehicle installed with electro-rheological suspension units (ERSU). As a first step, an in-arm type ERSU is designed, and its spring and damping characteristics are evaluated with respect to the intensity of electric fields. Subsequently, a 16 degree-of-freedom model for a tracked vehicle equipped with the proposed ERSU is established followed by the formulation of a neuro-fuzzy controller. This controller takes account for both ride quality and steering stability by adopting a weighting parameter between two performance requirements. The parameter is appropriately determined by employing a fuzzy algorithm associated with two fuzzy variables: the vertical speed of the body and the rotational angular speed of the wheel. Control performances to isolate unwanted vibration from bump and random road excitations are evaluated through computer simulations. In addition, maximum speed of the vehicle with 6 Watt power absorption is investigated with respect to the road roughness.     

Fuzzy Logic Traction Controllers and their Effect on Longitudinal Vehicle Platoon Systems

This paper presents two fuzzy logic traction controllers and investigates their effect on longitudinal platoon systems. A fuzzy logic approach is appealing for traction control because of the nonlinearity and time-varying uncertainty involved in traction control systems

The fuzzy logic traction controllers we present regulate brake torque to control wheel slip, which is the normalized difference between wheel and vehicle speed. One fuzzy controller estimates the peak slip corresponding to the maximum tire-road adhesion coefficient and regulates wheel slip at the peak slip. The controller is attractive because of its ability to maximize acceleration and deceleration regardless of road condition. However, we find through simulations the controller's performance degrades in the presence of time-varying uncertainties. The other fuzzy logic controller regulates wheel slip at any desired value. Through simulations we find the controller robust against changing road conditions and uncertainties. The target slip is predetermined and not necessarily the peak slip for all road conditions. If the target slip is set low, stable acceleration and deceleration is guaranteed, regardless of road condition

We also study the effect of traction control on longitudinal vehicle platoon systems using simulations. The simulations include acceleration and deceleration maneuvers on an icy road. The results indicate traction control may substantially improve longitudinal platoon performance, especially when icy road conditions exist.     

车辆行驶速度模糊控制系统仿真研究

主要研究模糊控制理论在车辆行驶速度控制中的应用。介绍了一种参数自适应的模糊控制器的设计，并以柴油车为例，实现了控制系统的计算机仿真。仿真结果表明，该模糊控制器具有良好的控制性能。     

A novel fuzzy logic correctional algorithm for traction control systems on uneven low-friction road conditions

The traction control system (TCS) might prevent excessive skid of the driving wheels so as to enhance the driving performance and direction stability of the vehicle. But if driven on an uneven low-friction road, the vehicle body often vibrates severely due to the drastic fluctuations of driving wheels, and then the vehicle comfort might be reduced greatly. The vibrations could be hardly removed with traditional drive-slip control logic of the TCS. In this paper, a novel fuzzy logic controller has been brought forward, in which the vibration signals of the driving wheels are adopted as new controlled variables, and then the engine torque and the active brake pressure might be coordinately re-adjusted besides the basic logic of a traditional TCS. In the proposed controller, an adjustable engine torque and pressure compensation loop are adopted to constrain the drastic vehicle vibration. Thus, the wheel driving slips and the vibration degrees might be adjusted synchronously and effectively. The simulation results and the real vehicle tests validated that the proposed algorithm is effective and adaptable for a complicated uneven low-friction road.     

Novel coordinated algorithm for Traction Control System on split friction and slope road

A Traction Control System (TCS) is used to avoid excessive wheel-slip via adjusting active brake pressure and engine torque when vehicle starts fiercely. The split friction and slope of the road are complicated conditions for TCS. Once operated under these conditions, the traction control performance of the vehicle might be deteriorated and the vehicle might lack drive capability or lose lateral stability, if the regulated active brake pressure and engine torque can’t match up promptly and effectively. In order to solve this problem, a novel coordinated algorithm for TCS is brought forward. Firstly, two brake controllers, including a basic controller based on the friction difference between the two drive wheels for compensating this difference and a fuzzy logic controller for assisting the engine torque controller to adjust wheel-slip, are presented for brake control together. And then two engine torque controllers, containing a basic PID controller for wheel-slip control and a fuzzy logic controller for compensating torque needed by the road slope, are built for engine torque control together. Due to the simultaneous and accurate coordination of the two regulated variables the controlled vehicle can start smoothly. The vehicle test and simulation results on various road conditions have testified that the proposed method is effective and robust.     

半主动空气悬架模糊控制的仿真研究

对采用模糊控制的汽车半主动空气悬架系统进行了仿真研究。建立了1／4车辆二自由度动力学模型并以其为仿真对象,设计了模糊控制器,以B级路面作为随机输入,进行了计算机仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在采用模糊控制方法后．车辆悬架可以很好地降低簧载质量的垂直加速度,从而使车辆行驶的平顺性和乘坐舒适性得到了提高。     

基于参数自调整模糊控制方法的半主动空气悬架仿真分析

基于参数自调整模糊控制方法对半主动空气悬架系统进行了仿真分析和试验验证．以某空气悬架大客车1／4车辆模型为仿真对象，设计了参数自调整的模糊控制器，并以随机路面为输入、悬架动行程为约束条件、簧载质量振动加速度和车轮动载荷为评价指标，对模型进行了计算机仿真，同时依据仿真模型设计了空气悬架试验台。仿真和试验结果表明，当汽车行驶工况变化时，引入参数自调整模糊控制方法可以有效降低簧载质量振动加速度和车轮动载荷。     

汽车防抱死制动系统的自抗扰控制研究

汽车防抱死制动系统（Anti-lock Braking System,ABS）的作用是确保汽车制动时行驶方向的稳定性、可靠性,但是目前仍存在非线性、时变性以及参数不确定性等问题。为保证汽车制动行驶过程中的操纵稳定性和安全性,进一步实现各工况下防抱死制动系统的优化控制,以影响整车稳定的变量滑移率为研究对象,分析所设计策略的控制效果。搭建汽车动力学模型、制动系统模型、轮胎模型和滑移率模型等主要模型,设计基于滑移率的ABS二阶非线性自抗扰控制器。运用MATLAB/Simulink软件对基于自抗扰控制（Active Disturbance Rejection Control,ADRC）的ABS制动过程和基于模糊PID控制的ABS制动过程进行仿真,对比研究最佳滑移率、载荷、水泥-冰对接路面、扰动等对制动过程中的轮速、车速以及滑移率等动态性征反映的稳定性和抗扰能力的影响,同时研究其对最终制动距离和最终制动时间反映的制动性能的影响。最后,将自抗扰控制器和模糊PID控制器装配于试验车辆的ABS,进行水泥路面和冰-水泥对接路面制动过程的实车试验。研究结果表明：基于二阶非线性自抗扰控制算法的ABS制动的最终制动距离和最终制动时间更短、制动效果更优,制动过程中的轮速、车速和滑移率在响应速度、稳定性和抗扰能力等方面均更佳;试验结果与仿真结果吻合,证明了仿真模型及其仿真结果的可行性和正确性。     

Semi-active control of tracked vehicle suspension incorporating magnetorheological dampers

In past years, the application of magnetorheological (MR) and electrorheological dampers in vehicle suspension has been widely studied, mainly for the purpose of vibration control. This paper presents theoretical study to identify an appropriate semi-active control method for MR-tracked vehicle suspension. Three representative control algorithms are simulated including the skyhook, hybrid and fuzzy-hybrid controllers. A seven degrees-of-freedom tracked vehicle suspension model incorporating MR dampers has been adopted for comparison between the performance of the three controllers. The model differential equations are derived based on Newton's second law of motion and the proposed control methods are developed. The performance of each control method under bump and sinusoidal road profiles for different vehicle speeds is simulated and compared with the performance of the conventional suspension system in time and frequency domains. The results show that the performance of tracked vehicle suspension with MR dampers is substantially improved. Moreover, the fuzzy-hybrid controller offers an excellent integrated performance in reducing the body accelerations as well as wheel bounce responses compared with the classical skyhook and hybrid controllers.     

PID plus fuzzy logic method for torque control in traction control system

A Traction Control System (TCS) is used to control the driving force of an engine to prevent excessive slip when a vehicle starts suddenly or accelerates. The torque control strategy determines the driving performance of the vehicle under various drive-slip conditions. This paper presents a new torque control method for various drive-slip conditions involving abrupt changes in the road friction. This method is based on a PID plus fuzzy logic controller for driving torque regulation, which consists of a PID controller and a fuzzy logic controller. The PID controller is the fundamental component that calculates the elementary torque for traction control. In addition, the fuzzy logic controller is the compensating component that compensates for the abrupt change in the road friction. The simulation results and the experimental vehicle tests have validated that the proposed controller is effective and robust. Compared with conventional PID controllers, the driving performance under the proposed controller is greatly improved.     

电控汽油机怠速控制方式

针对怠速工况分别设计了变参数PID控制系统和模糊控制系统，并进行了实车试验对比。结果表明，怠速工况下，模糊控制方式比PID控制方式转速波动小，控制效果好。     

车辆荷载作用下双工字钢-混组合连续梁桥振动控制研究

车桥耦合作用下，钢-混凝土组合梁桥竖向振动问题比较突出，这将影响行人的安全及舒适性。以中国某三跨双工字钢-混凝土组合连续梁桥为研究对象，对桥梁进行车桥耦合振动分析及控制。基于Newmark-β法在ANSYS中利用APDL语言建立车桥耦合振动模型，并对不同车重、车速和路面等级下的桥梁竖向加速度振动响应进行分析。在桥梁各跨跨中安装调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)对桥梁振动进行控制，采用最佳参数调整方法确定TMD参数。对安装TMD前后的桥梁振动响应进行对比分析，并结合Sperling指标对行人舒适度进行评价。研究结果表明：车速、车重和路面等级均是导致行人舒适度变差的重要因素;2辆同型号车辆按相应车道并排行驶，安装TMD后，随着车速的增大，桥梁跨中竖向加速度峰值减小率逐渐增大，当车速为120 km·h^-1时，桥梁跨中竖向加速度峰值减小率达到43.7%，Sperling指标从2.76降到2.33，振动控制效果最为明显;随着车重的增加，桥梁跨中竖向加速度峰值减小率基本呈增大趋势，当各车重为40 t时，桥梁跨中竖向加速度峰值减小率为29.1%，Sperling指标从2.20减小到1.99，行人舒适度得到了较大改善;随着路面不平顺等级的增大，桥梁跨中竖向加速度峰值减小率也逐渐增大，C级路面时加速度峰值减小率可达到29.4%，控制效果明显。因此，安装TMD对不同车重、车速和路面等级下的桥梁跨中竖向加速度响应均起到了控制作用，对双工字钢-混凝土组合连续梁桥安装TMD可以有效地改善行人舒适度。     

Design of Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System Controller for 4 In-Wheel-Motor Drive Electric Vehicle with Road Surface Estimation

This paper presents a regenerative anti-lock braking system control method with road detection capability. The aim of the proposed methodology is to improve electric vehicle safety and energy economy during braking maneuvers. Vehicle body longitudinal deceleration is used to estimate a road surface. Based on the estimation results, the controller generates an appropriate braking torque to keep an optimal for various road surfaces wheel slip and to regenerate for a given motor the maximum possible amount of energy during vehicle deceleration. A fuzzy logic controller is applied to fulfill the task. The control method is tested on a four in-wheel-motor drive sport utility electric vehicle model. The model is constructed and parametrized according to the specifications provided by the vehicle manufacturer. The simulation results conducted on different road surfaces, including dry, wet and icy, are introduced.     

基于MPC的独立驱动电动汽车稳定性集成控制

针对独立驱动电动汽车在高附着系数路面高速急转时易发生侧翻事故,在低附着系数路面急转易发生侧滑失稳事故,且单一控制器在不同附着系数路面适应性较差等问题,根据独立驱动电动汽车特点设计了基于分层式结构的稳定性集成控制器。建立了整车动力学模型,并进行了车辆状态参数估计;设计了稳定性集成控制器的控制策略,对车辆的侧倾、横向稳定性状态判定条件和协调策略的制定进行了研究,分别设计了侧倾稳定性控制器和横向稳定性控制器;设置了路面附着系数0.9到0.2的对接路面仿真工况,并在此工况下对所设计的控制器的控制性能进行了仿真测试。结果表明,所设计的稳定性集成控制器相比于单一控制器具有更好的适应性,可有效降低车辆高速行驶过程中的横向载荷转移系数、质心侧偏角等状态量,提高车辆行驶的稳定性和安全性。     

Vehicle dynamics and road curvature estimation for lane departure warning system using robust fuzzy observers: experimental validation

This paper describes a new approach to estimate vehicle dynamics and the road curvature in order to detect vehicle lane departures. This method has been evaluated through an experimental set-up using a real test vehicle equipped with the RT2500 inertial measurement unit. Based on a robust unknown input fuzzy observer, the road curvature is estimated and compared to the vehicle trajectory curvature. The difference between the two curvatures is used by the proposed lane departure detection algorithm as the first driving risk indicator. To reduce false alarms and take into account driver corrections, a second driving risk indicator based on the steering dynamics is considered. The vehicle nonlinear model is deduced from the vehicle lateral dynamics and road geometry and then represented by an uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. Taking into account the unmeasured variables, an unknown input fuzzy observer is proposed. Synthesis conditions of the proposed fuzzy observer are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities using the Lyapunov method.     

Road disturbance estimation for the optimal preview control of an active suspension systems based on tracked vehicle model

This research investigates stochastic estimation of a look-ahead sensor scheme using the optimal preview control for an active suspension system of a full tracked vehicle (FTV). In this scheme, wheel disturbance input to the front wheels are estimated using the dynamic equations of the system. The estimated road disturbance input at the front wheels are utilized as preview information for the control of subsequently following wheels of FTV. The design of optimal preview control is used as a classical linear quadratic Gaussian problem by combining dynamics of the original system and estimation of previewed road inputs. The effectiveness of the preview controller is evaluated by comparing the estimated information with the measured information for different road profiles, where Kalman filter is used for the state-variables estimation of the FTV. This research also considers the reduced order estimation using commonly available sensors in order to decrease the number of sensors and measurements. The simulation results’ using an active suspension system with different preview information shows that the proposed system can be beneficial for the improvement of ride comfort of tracked vehicles without using any specialized sensors for preview information calculation.     

基于Simulink车辆舒适性和行驶安全性仿真分析

根据国标GB／T7031—2005机械振动道路路面谱测量数据报告,在MatLab中编写了随机路面激励谱仿真程序;利用拉格朗日方程建立了1／2车辆动力学模型,并用Simulink对其进行了仿真;以不同等级路面和不同车速下的随机路面激励谱作为输入,分析了车辆在不同等级路面、不同车速下的车身加速度均方根值和后轮的动载荷均方根值。这对满足汽车行驶舒适性和行驶安全性的情况下优化悬架参数具有重要意义。     

混合动力传动系 Tip-in/out工况的模型预测控制

为抑制混合动力汽车加减速过程中传动系统振荡,以电机转矩为控制量,提出一种基于模型预测主动控制混合动力传动系统振荡的策略,基于 Matlab/Simulink平台搭建动态系统模型,实时计算电机转矩补偿优化发动机输出转矩,准确跟踪目标转矩的同时减少传动系统振荡。探索不同控制器参数设置对于驾驶动力性和舒适性的增益效果,通过硬件在环 （Hardware-in-Loop,HIL） 试验表明,所设计的 MPC控制器能使汽车平稳地加减速,迅速跟踪目标转速,求解时间控制在10 ms以内,具有较好的实时性,同时对传动系统中的非线性因素和参数变化有较好的鲁棒性。     

H8 Control Performance of a Full-Vehicle Suspension Featuring Magnetorheological Dampers

Summary This paper presents an investigation of the feedback control performance of a full-vehicle suspension system featuring magnetorheological (MR) dampers. A cylindrical MR damper is designed and manufactured by incorporating a Bingham model of aMR fluid which is commercially available. After evaluating the field-dependent damping characteristics of the MR damper, a full-vehicle suspension system installed with 4 independent MR dampers is constructed and its governing equations of motion which include vertical, pitch and roll motions are derived. A H 8 controller which has inherent robustness against system uncertainties is formulated by treating the sprung mass of the vehicle as uncertain parameter. This is accomplished by adopting the loop shaping design procedure. For the demonstration of a practical feasibility, control performance characteristics for vibration suppression of the proposed MR suspension system are evaluated under various road conditions through the hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) methodology.     

H8 Control Performance of a Full-Vehicle Suspension Featuring Magnetorheological Dampers

Summary This paper presents an investigation of the feedback control performance of a full-vehicle suspension system featuring magnetorheological (MR) dampers. A cylindrical MR damper is designed and manufactured by incorporating a Bingham model of aMR fluid which is commercially available. After evaluating the field-dependent damping characteristics of the MR damper, a full-vehicle suspension system installed with 4 independent MR dampers is constructed and its governing equations of motion which include vertical, pitch and roll motions are derived. A H 8 controller which has inherent robustness against system uncertainties is formulated by treating the sprung mass of the vehicle as uncertain parameter. This is accomplished by adopting the loop shaping design procedure. For the demonstration of a practical feasibility, control performance characteristics for vibration suppression of the proposed MR suspension system are evaluated under various road conditions through the hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) methodology.