基于MPC的四轮转向车爆胎稳定性控制

四轮独立转向驱动汽车相比传统车辆具有更多控制自由度,具备在高曲率跟踪精度好,低附着路面操纵稳定性优越的特点。本文针对车辆在轨迹跟踪中所面对的低附着、爆胎等紧急工况,本研究采用模型预测控制理论,针对四轮转向电动汽车的横摆稳定性问题进行了探究。以横摆角速度和横向误差为控制目标,计算出最优四轮转角和直接横摆力矩,下层采用最优转矩分配并考虑轮胎摩擦圆约束,以实现对四轮驱动电动汽车的稳定性控制。在CarSim/Simulink联合仿真整车模型中,采用参数化建模设置整车参数。通过双移线爆胎工况仿真实验分析,所提出的策略能够有效地提高四轮驱动电动汽车的轨迹跟踪精度,从而提高整车的行驶稳定性。     

转向工况下车辆主动悬架的侧倾控制EI北大核心CSCD

鉴于车辆簧上质量的振动和车轮的振动耦合,特别是转向工况下,车轮转向角对车辆侧倾的影响,为减小车辆的侧倾并有效抑制车辆的振动,建立了带主动悬架的整车模型,并运用微分几何理论设计了侧倾及减振控制律,对整车模型进行解耦。经过解耦后,簧上质量的俯仰、侧倾和垂向运动互相独立;车轮转角对车辆侧倾的影响得到有效的抑制。仿真结果表明,采用微分几何解耦后,车辆的侧倾角、俯仰角和垂向振动以及横摆角速度的超调量皆大幅度地减小,车辆乘坐的舒适性和转向的稳定性显著提高。     

基于轮胎合力计算与分配的车辆横向稳定性控制研究

鉴于轮胎合力计算与分配算法只适用于四轮独立制动/驱动和四轮独立转向车辆,以及路面附着系数对轮胎纵向合力和横摆力矩可实现范围的限制,提出一种对轮胎纵向合力和横摆力矩进行实时计算调整和动态分配的车辆横向稳定性控制策略。针对线性反馈计算的误差,采用离线数值优化和非线性规划方法实时确定轮胎纵向合力和横摆力矩的可实现范围,将计算的合力和力矩调整至可实现范围内并进行动态分配。设计滑移率和前轮侧偏角控制器使轮胎摩擦力跟踪各分力,在保证精度的同时避免对车辆后轮侧向力的估计。最后进行了仿真分析与基于LabVIEW PXI和veDYNA的驾驶员在环试验验证。结果表明,基于合力计算与分配的车辆横向稳定性控制可有效地提高车辆轨迹保持能力,改善低附着路面上车辆的稳定性,控制效果优于滑模变结构控制。     

分布式电驱动汽车原地转向机理与控制方法研究

分布式电驱动汽车能够通过原地转向功能提高车辆的机动性。原地转向下车辆的4个车轮均处于滑移状态,极易发生车身偏移甚至失控。为了实现稳定精准的原地转向控制,分析了原地转向的动力学机理,并提出横摆角速度与滑转率协同的控制策略。基于纵向动力学设计路面附着估计算法,完成原地转向前的路面状况判断;采用了分层式控制架构,上层控制器基于车辆状态协调转矩控制策略,下层控制设计横摆角速度决策框架,根据油门开度计算原地转向的名义横摆角速度,基于二次性能指标的单神经元自适应PID控制算法计算四轮驱动转矩,以实现横摆角速度的跟踪控制,并引入模糊逻辑推理得到四轮期望滑转率,通过PID算法计算驱动转矩调节量,配合横摆角速度转矩控制以抑制转向中心的偏移。仿真测试和实车试验表明：在附着系数一定的情况下,稳态原地转向的轮胎视为刚体,侧偏角与地面侧向反作用力基本不变,试验结果符合所推断的原地转向动力学机理;并验证横摆角速度跟踪控制算法在不同附着系数下具有理想的跟踪效果和鲁棒性,响应速度相比于PID提高46%,最大超调量减小24.0%,平均调节时间缩短1.3 s,平均稳态误差均在0.01 (°)·s^-1...     

非理想车载网络状况下四轮独立电驱动车辆的动力学控制

以直接横摆转矩控制为例,通过仿真初步分析了四轮独立电驱动车辆分布式控制系统中车载通信网络的非理想状况(延时、丢包等)对车辆动力学控制的影响。仿真结果表明,通信延时等非理想网络状态会对车辆动力学的控制效果和稳定性产生显著影响,而基于网络预测的直接横摆转矩控制算法,可有效补偿通信延时和丢包等的不利影响,获得较好的控制效果。     

分布式驱动电动汽车动力学集成控制研究进展及趋势

分布式驱动电动汽车具有四轮可独立控制和响应速度快等突出优势，对增强车辆操纵稳定性、安全性和经济性具有重要的意义。但车辆是一个非线性、强耦合的系统，需研究解决各个控制器相互耦合、过驱动系统复杂性和不确定性等核心问题，这依赖于多维 （纵向、横向和垂向） 集成控制模式和容错控制。对现有研究进行分类和总结，从传统单一维度控制到多维集成控制，综述分布式驱动电动汽车的关键技术和发展现状，重点归纳了汽车动力学集成控制的多层结构及其应用，特别是集成了纵向-横向-垂向动力学的综合控制。最后对分布式驱动电动汽车动力学控制系统所面临的挑战提出了一些建议。     

电动汽车直接横摆力矩与驱动防滑集成控制策略研究

针对四轮独立驱动电动汽车驱动工况下的横摆稳定性控制,提出一种直接横摆力矩(DYC)与驱动防滑(ASR集成控制策略,基于模糊PID控制理论,采用前馈加反馈方法,分别对总纵向力矩和单个车轮力矩进行修正,实现驱动防滑,基于最优控制理论对驱动力矩进行分配,采用PID控制理论结合转向状态对制动力矩进行分配。仿真结果表明,本文提出的控制策略可将滑转率偏差控制在0.02以内,与载荷分配相比,横摆角速度和质心侧偏角控制效果分别提高了80%和50%。     

基于 MPC 的分布式驱动越野车辆原地转向控制研究

针对轮毂电机分布式驱动越野车辆在狭小空间快速机动的需求，设计了一种分层结构的原地转向控制策略。基于动力学原理分析了各轮载荷、附着条件对原地转向横摆速度的影响机理，并搭建原地转向运动学模型，上层采用模型预测控制算法设计原地转向理想轨迹以及期望的横摆角速度，开发基于 PI滑模控制的横摆运动跟踪算法，通过补偿转向横摆力矩以提高方向角控制的鲁棒性和稳定性，下层以最优轮胎利用率为目标，设计二次规划算法优化分配各轮附加横摆力矩。dSPACE 硬件在环测试结果表明，所提出的控制算法可在保证稳定性的前提下实现原地转向，大幅提高了车辆的转向机动性，在方向盘动态输入仿真中，车辆最大转弯半径为 0.157 m，转向中心的最大偏移量为 3.610 m；同时，驾驶员能对转向过程进行闭环控制，实现了原地转向过程中横摆速度的实时调节。     

转向工况下车辆主动悬架的侧倾控制

鉴于车辆簧上质量的振动和车轮的振动耦合,特别是转向工况下,车轮转向角对车辆侧倾的影响,为减小车辆的侧倾并有效抑制车辆的振动,建立了带主动悬架的整车模型,并运用微分几何理论设计了侧倾及减振控制律,对整车模型进行解耦。经过解耦后,簧上质量的俯仰、侧倾和垂向运动互相独立;车轮转角对车辆侧倾的影响得到有效的抑制。仿真结果表明,采用微分几何解耦后,车辆的侧倾角、俯仰角和垂向振动以及横摆角速度的超调量皆大幅度地减小,车辆乘坐的舒适性和转向的稳定性显著提高。     

基于多参数控制的分布式驱动电动汽车操纵稳定性控制策略研究

为改善高速低附着路面上的车辆动力学性能，本文针对分布式驱动电动汽车提出一种基于多参数控制的操纵稳定性控制策略，包括上层轨迹跟踪控制和下层转矩分配控制。上层控制器设计基于2自由度车辆模型和驾驶员预瞄偏差模型，提出了MPC轨迹跟踪控制策略，实现对侧向偏差、横摆角偏差、质心侧偏角、横摆角速度的多参数控制。下层控制器以轮胎负荷率最小为优化目标，获得4个车轮电机转矩的最优分配量，借助于7自由度动力学模型，在双移线、蛇行工况下完成了CarSim-Simulink联合仿真。结果表明：提出的控制策略改善了高速、低附着工况下的操纵稳定性和轨迹跟踪精度。     

智能汽车轨迹跟踪与横摆稳定性协同控制

为了提高四轮独立驱动智能电动汽车在变曲率弯道下的轨迹跟踪精度和横摆稳定性,提出了一种模型预测控制与直接横摆力矩控制协同的综合控制方法。建立了横纵向耦合的车辆动力学模型,采用2阶龙格库塔离散法保证了离散模型的精度,并基于简化的2自由度动力学模型推导了车辆横摆稳定性约束,设计了非线性模型预测控制器;利用直接横摆力矩控制能够改变车辆横摆角速度和航向角的特点,考虑模型预测控制器的预测状态、控制量以及跟踪误差,设计了协同控制规则。仿真结果表明,协同控制方法解决了考虑横摆稳定性约束的模型预测控制器中存在的稳定性约束与控制精度相矛盾的问题,并补偿了模型预测控制器没有可行解时对横摆稳定性的约束,同时提高了智能汽车的轨迹跟踪精度和横摆稳定性。     

Asymptotic sideslip angle and yaw rate decoupling control in four-wheel steering vehicles

This paper shows that, for a four-wheel steering vehicle, a proportional-integral (PI) active front steering control and a PI active rear steering control from the yaw rate error together with an additive feedforward reference signal for the vehicle sideslip angle can asymptotically decouple the lateral velocity and the yaw rate dynamics; that is the control can set arbitrary steady state values for lateral speed and yaw rate at any longitudinal speed. Moreover, the PI controls can suppress oscillatory behaviours by assigning real stable eigenvalues to a widely used linearised model of the vehicle steering dynamics for any value of longitudinal speed in understeering vehicles. In particular, the four PI control parameters are explicitly expressed in terms of the three real eigenvalues to be assigned. No lateral acceleration and no lateral speed measurements are required. The controlled system maintains the well-known advantages of both front and rear active steering controls: higher controllability, enlarged bandwidth for the yaw rate dynamics, suppressed resonances, new stable cornering manoeuvres and improved manoeuvrability. In particular, zero lateral speed may be asymptotically achieved while controlling the yaw rate: in this case comfort is improved since the phase lag between lateral acceleration and yaw rate is reduced. Also zero yaw rate can be asymptotically achieved: in this case additional stable manoeuvres are obtained in obstacle avoidance. Several simulations, including step references and moose tests, are carried out on a standard small SUV CarSim model to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled effects such as combined lateral and longitudinal tyre forces, pitch, roll and driver dynamics. The simulations confirm the decoupling between the lateral velocity and the yaw rate and show the advantages obtained by the proposed control: reduced lateral speed or reduced yaw rate, suppressed oscillations and new stable manoeuvres.     

分布式驱动电动汽车转向工况转矩分配控制研究

针对分布式驱动车辆转向工况在低速下期望提高转向机动性能，高速下期望保证行驶稳定性的需求，充分考虑转向行驶内外侧车轮的转向关系以及车辆动力学，制定了适应车速变化的四轮转矩分配策略，建立了四轮轮毂电机驱动模型以及二自由度参考模型。为了改善分布式驱动转向机动性能，建立自抗扰控制器调整内外侧车轮转矩，形成合理的转速差，减小转向半径，以提高转向机动性；对于高速转向行驶稳定性的需求，通过二次规划方法优化分配各车轮驱动力矩，分析轮胎纵横向附着裕度建立目标函数，并加入附加横摆力矩和路面附着力的限制，进行车轮驱动转矩的在线优化分配，提高车辆转向行驶的稳定性；另外为避免2种控制模式转换时驱动转矩突变，根据车速和稳定性参数制定模糊规则决策2种模式的协调系数，保证2种控制模式的平滑过渡。基于CarSim和MATLAB/Simulink进行联合仿真，并搭建硬件在环平台进行试验，对所提出的方法进行验证。结果表明：在低速转向工况下，提出的分配策略能够调节内外侧车轮产生差速效果，与转矩平均分配的策略相比，转向半径有所减小，提高车辆机动性；高速转向工况下，分配策略能够保证车辆稳定转向，与未考虑稳定性控制的分配策略相比，能更好地跟踪目标轨迹，且横摆角速度控制在参考横摆角速度附近，证明了所提控制策略的有效性。     

Yaw rate and side-slip control considering vehicle longitudinal dynamics

Most conventional vehicle stability controllers operate on the basis of many simplifying assumptions, such as a small steering wheel angle, constant longitudinal velocity and a small side-slip angle. This paper presents a new approach for controlling the yaw rate and side-slip of a vehicle without neglecting its longitudinal dynamics and without making simplifying assumptions about its motion. A sliding-mode controller is used to develop a differential braking controller for tracking a desired vehicle yaw rate for a given steering wheel angle, while keeping the vehicle’s side-slip angle as small as possible. The trade-off that exists between yaw rate and side-slip control is described. Conventional and proposed algorithms are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller is investigated using a seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller is more effective than the conventional one.     

Force control for path following of a 4WS4WD vehicle by the integration of PSO and SMC

The aim of this paper is to present a novel control method for a four-wheel steer and four-wheel drive (4WS4WD) vehicle. The novelty is in the integration of sliding mode control (SMC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) that is proposed to solve the control problem caused by the nonlinear, highly coupled and over-actuated characteristics of the four-wheel steer and four-wheel drive (4WS4WD) vehicle. The validity of the control method is evaluated by two criterions, namely path following performance assessed by the vehicle's position errors with respect to the reference path, and motion quality reflected by the smoothness of vehicle's velocities and accelerations. In vehicle modelling, a kinematic model and a dynamic model considering all slip forces are proposed for the controller design. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology and its robustness.     

基于功能安全的分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车可以实现四轮转矩分配和差动转向,提升整车的动力学控制性能和经济性,但是四轮转矩独立可控的特点也对功能安全提出挑战。当前轮单侧电机出现执行器故障失效情况时,不仅会产生附加横摆力矩降低车辆安全性,差动转向功能的存在还会使车辆严重偏航。基于此,在设计分布式驱动-线控转向一体化底盘的基础上,基于功能安全提出一种分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制策略。首先建立分布式驱动失效动力学模型,分析前轮失效对车辆状态的影响机理,发现单一的驱动转矩截断控制无法满足车辆状态修正需求;其次设计一套备用的线控转向结构,通过变截距滑模控制算法提高切换状态下线控转向系统的转角跟踪性能,并用台架试验验证跟踪的准确性;然后设计自适应失效诊断观测器实时诊断驱动系统的电机故障,在将对应轮进行驱动转矩截断后,通过模型预测控制算法对车轮转矩重新分配实现纵向和侧向的状态跟踪;最后通过仿真和实车试验验证所提失效补偿控制策略的有效性和可用性。研究结果表明：分布式驱动电动汽车前轮单侧电机失效后,备用的线控转向系统能及时矫正前轮转角,所提出的失效补偿控制策略能够快速恢复车辆的稳定性和路径跟踪能力。     

Decoupling control in velocity-varying four-wheel steering vehicles with H∞ performance by longitudinal velocity and yaw rate feedback

In this paper, decoupling control with H_∞ performance for four-wheel steering (4WS) vehicles under varying longitudinal velocity is studied. A novel control scheme for a nonlinear model of three states, respectively, the longitudinal and lateral velocities, and yaw rate, is proposed to address this issue. The scheme is composed of two varying-parameter controllers designing problems for both longitudinal and lateral systems with coupling performance. Varying parameters of both these controllers depend only on longitudinal velocity. Controlled by these controllers, the longitudinal system is decoupled with lateral velocity and yaw rate, and the lateral system is input–output decoupling with H_∞ performance. In addition, feedback signals are the longitudinal velocity and yaw rate, hence observations or measurements of lateral velocity are not necessary. Simulations show that vehicles controlled by our scheme are input–output diagonal decoupling and execute very well while longitudinal velocity varies in a large range, coupling appears between longitudinal and lateral systems, and external disturbances do exist. In summary, this control scheme can improve handling characteristics, safety and comfort proved from theory to practice in this paper.     

电动汽车转矩定向分配差速器建模与动态仿真

本文中提出一种新型具备转矩定向分配功能差速器的集中式电驱动桥系统。该集中驱动系统可以在不改变总驱动转矩的条件下,类似分布式驱动方式实现驱动转矩在左右轮间的任意分配,从而产生改变车辆横摆动力学的直接横摆力偶矩。首先,分析了转矩定向分配差速器结构特点及其工作原理;其次,利用键合图理论建立了其动力学模型,并仿真分析了其动态响应特性;然后,设计了转矩响应控制系统以改善该差速器的动态性能;最后,嵌入整车模型进行了联合仿真。结果表明,装备该差速器的车辆可任意分配左右轮驱动转矩,并有效改善车辆操控特性。     

Stability control of 4WS vehicles using robust IMC techniques

A robust nonparametric approach to vehicle stability control by means of a four-wheel steer by wire system is introduced. Both yaw rate and sideslip angle feedbacks are used in order to effectively take into account safety as well as handling performances. Reference courses for yaw rate and sideslip angle are computed on the basis of the vehicle speed and the handwheel angle imposed by the driver. An output multiplicative model set is used to describe the uncertainty arising from a wide range of vehicle operating situations. The effects of saturation of the control variables (i.e. front and rear steering angles) are taken into account by adopting enhanced internal model control methodologies in the design of the feedback controller. Actuator dynamics are considered in the controller design. Improvements on understeer characteristics, stability in demanding conditions such as turning on low friction surfaces, damping properties in impulsive manoeuvres, and improved handling in closed loop (i.e. with driver feedback) manoeuvres are shown through extensive simulation results performed on an accurate 14 degrees of freedom nonlinear model, which proved to give good modelling results as compared with collected experimental data.