考虑驾驶策略的高速列车运行图节能优化方法

为了降低高速列车从始发站至终到站运行的牵引能耗, 研究了针对多列车区间运行时分同步分配的列车运行图节能优化方法。基于高速列车在站间采用的“四阶段”操纵策略构建最优驾驶策略集, 以牵引距离和巡航距离为变化因子, 以牵引能耗和区间运行时分为计算目标, 求解出最优驾驶策略集里牵引能耗与区间运行时分的线性关系。在此基础上构建多列车区间运行时分最优分配的节能运行图模型。模型以牵引能耗最低为目标, 考虑了列车总运行时间约束、变量取值范围约束以及安全间隔时分约束。在模型求解方面, 选取拉格朗日松弛算法, 将复杂约束松弛至目标函数当中, 从而把原问题分解为各区间可独立求解的子问题, 利用次梯度优化的方法得出精确解, 实现了多列车区间运行时分同步分配的目标。以宝兰高速铁路为背景进行算例验证, 结果表明: 通过重新分配区间运行时分, 10列车总共节约了595.958 kW·h牵引能耗, 平均节能率达到了1.2%;从运行图的层面分析, 该算例下通过调整区间运行时分的节能方法对其影响幅度较小, 具有较强的现实意义; 所提出的模型及算法的计算时间为10 s, 针对列车开行对数较多的高速铁路, 可有效提高求解效率。      

离散视角下单线铁路列车运行调整优化

针对单线铁路多等级列车共线运行调整问题, 从系统仿真角度, 构建了考虑技术作业类型及车站到发线数量等关键约束的离散系统仿真模型。为提高系统在模拟多级列车运行调整过程中的时效性, 在既有列车行进策略的基础上, 设计了能够避免调整策略在列车区间运行及在站最小作业时间内重复执行的事件转移函数。考虑到多级列车对冲突疏解造成的困难, 利用分层决策在预测越行站和会让站等方面的优势, 设计离散仿真系统的同级列车有限随机调整策略和多级列车分层随机调整策略, 以提高仿真系统在列车运行调整过程中的全局搜索能力。最后, 通过实例分析验证了离散系统仿真模型及调整策略的有效性和合理性。结果表明: (1)本文设计的调整策略可以将解的质量提高约5.77%;(2)调整策略中的事件转移函数能将系统仿真时效性提高约34.47%;(3)分层策略虽能确保高等级列车的时效性, 但需以牺牲低等级列车的时效性为代价, 损失系统时效性约45.3%。      

Robustness analysis of bogie suspension components Pareto optimised values

Bogie suspension system of high speed trains can significantly affect vehicle performance. Multiobjective optimisation problems are often formulated and solved to find the Pareto optimised values of the suspension components and improve cost efficiency in railway operations from different perspectives. Uncertainties in the design parameters of suspension system can negatively influence the dynamics behaviour of railway vehicles. In this regard, robustness analysis of a bogie dynamics response with respect to uncertainties in the suspension design parameters is considered. A one-car railway vehicle model with 50 degrees of freedom and wear/comfort Pareto optimised values of bogie suspension components is chosen for the analysis. Longitudinal and lateral primary stiffnesses, longitudinal and vertical secondary stiffnesses, as well as yaw damping are considered as five design parameters. The effects of parameter uncertainties on wear, ride comfort, track shift force, stability, and risk of derailment are studied by varying the design parameters around their respective Pareto optimised values according to a lognormal distribution with different coefficient of variations (COVs). The robustness analysis is carried out based on the maximum entropy concept. The multiplicative dimensional reduction method is utilised to simplify the calculation of fractional moments and improve the computational efficiency. The results showed that the dynamics response of the vehicle with wear/comfort Pareto optimised values of bogie suspension is robust against uncertainties in the design parameters and the probability of failure is small for parameter uncertainties with COV up to 0.1.     

An overview: modern techniques for railway vehicle on-board health monitoring systems

Health monitoring systems with low-cost sensor networks and smart algorithms are always needed in both passenger trains and heavy haul trains due to the increasing need for reliability and safety in the railway industry. This paper focuses on an overview of existing approaches applied for railway vehicle on-board health monitoring systems. The approaches applied in the data measurement systems and the data analysis systems in railway on-board health monitoring systems are presented in this paper, including methodologies, theories and applications. The pros and cons of the various approaches are analysed to determine appropriate benchmarks for an effective and efficient railway vehicle on-board health monitoring system. According to this review, inertial sensors are the most popular due to their advantages of low cost, robustness and low power consumption. Linearisation methods are required for the model-based methods which would inevitably introduce error to the estimation results, and it is time-consuming to include all possible conditions in the pre-built database required for signal-based methods. Based on this review, future development trends in the design of new low-cost health monitoring systems for railway vehicles are discussed.     

基于坐席类型动态分配的旅客列车开行方案

为提高铁路部门服务质量和铁路旅客出行体验, 并制定可满足旅客需求多元化的旅客列车开行方案, 考虑坐席动态分配对旅客列车开行方案进行研究。从旅客和铁路运营部门2个角度出发, 分别以旅客动态乘车广义时间最短和铁路收益最大为目标, 以客流守恒、区间通过能力和满足客流需求等为约束建立多目标规划模型。通过Logit模型确定硬座、硬卧、软卧这3类坐席的分担率, 确定列车定员数, 并在求解过程中依据生成的开行方案不断更新3类坐席的分担率以实现3类坐席的动态分配, 直至结果趋于稳定。结合算例采用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解, 并进行算例分析, 计算结果表明: 建立考虑坐席类型动态分配的旅客列车开行方案, 在实现旅客对坐席选择的同时, 铁路旅客服务率提高了3.5%, 铁路部门收益增大了1.5%。      

Optimal Performance of Variable Component Suspensions

SUMMARY

Most vehicle suspension systems use fixed passive components that offer a compromise in performance between sprung mass isolation, suspension travel, and tireroad contact force. Recently, systems with discretely adjustable dampers and air springs been added to production vehicles. Active and semi-active damping concepts for vehicle suspensions have also been studied theoretically and with physical prototypes. This paper examines the optimal performance comparisons of variable component suspensions, including active damping and full-state feedback, for “quartercar” heave models. Two and three dimensional optimizations are computed using performance indicators to find the component parameters (control gains) that provide “optimal” performance for statistically described roadway inputs. The effects of performance weighting and feedback configuration are examined. Active damping is shown to be mainly important for vehicle isolation. A passive vehicle suspension can control suspension travel and tire contact force nearly as well as a full state feedback control strategy.     

Railway vehicle performance optimisation using virtual homologation

Unlike regular automotive vehicles, which are designed to travel in different types of roads, railway vehicles travel mostly in the same route during their life cycle. To accept the operation of a railway vehicle in a particular network, a homologation process is required according to local standard regulations. In Europe, the standards EN 14363 and UIC 518, which are used for railway vehicle acceptance, require on-track tests and/or numerical simulations. An important advantage of using virtual homologation is the reduction of the high costs associated with on-track tests by studying the railway vehicle performance in different operation conditions. This work proposes a methodology for the improvement of railway vehicle design with the objective of its operation in selected railway tracks by using optimisation. The analyses required for the vehicle improvement are performed under control of the optimisation method global and local optimisation using direct search. To quantify the performance of the vehicle, a new objective function is proposed, which includes: a Dynamic Performance Index, defined as a weighted sum of the indices obtained from the virtual homologation process; the non-compensated acceleration, which is related to the operational velocity; and a penalty associated with cases where the vehicle presents an unacceptable dynamic behaviour according to the standards. Thus, the optimisation process intends not only to improve the quality of the vehicle in terms of running safety and ride quality, but also to increase the vehicle availability via the reduction of the time for a journey while ensuring its operational acceptance under the standards. The design variables include the suspension characteristics and the operational velocity of the vehicle, which are allowed to vary in an acceptable range of variation. The results of the optimisation lead to a global minimum of the objective function in which the suspensions characteristics of the vehicle are optimal for the track, the maximum operational velocity is increased while the safety and ride quality measures of the vehicle, as defined by homologation standards, are either maintained in acceptable values or improved.     

Influence of train length on in-train longitudinal forces during brake application

It needs some seconds for a signal, which is created from brake application, to travel from the first part of the train system (locomotive) to the end part of it (last wagon). Delay in time of all parts of the system (train) brake is seen which might deteriorate the longitudinal dynamic interaction of the long trains. For instance, this results in running of the rear cars to the front ones and hence producing large in-train forces at the buffers and couplers. Major parts of the rolling stock in railway system repair are known for relative compression and tension forces, which are applied to the whole train system and cause huge expenses for the industry. For trains with long lengths, operating in safe area is another important relation with train forces along the system. By using MATLAB simulation in this study, we investigated the length's effect on train dynamic along the system mainly for freight trains. We did our research on the trains which are currently used in Railways of Islamic Republic of Iran, RIRI. Four diverse cases were under our simulation, in each of which, trains consist of 52, 32, 20 and 12 cars, respectively. Two different forces (tension and compression) are displayed here as of the outcome of the research. Simulations show different forms of interplays in dynamics along the system. Then we compared the graphs to each other to find out detailed influences of length of the whole system (train including different number of wagons and locomotive) on dynamics of system along it while braking is applied.     

铁路汽车物流产品的优化配置研究

阐述了现有铁路汽车物流产品:汽车物流班列、汽车物流专列及成组装车运输的适用条件.提出了铁路汽车物流产品的优化配置原则及优化配置步骤.以京广线为例,在对2015年铁路汽车运量预测的基础上,制定了2015年京广线铁路汽车物流产品的优化配置方案.     

Developing travel time estimation methods using sparse GPS data

Existing methods of estimating travel time from GPS data are not able to simultaneously take account of the issues related to uncertainties associated with GPS and spatial road network data. Moreover, they typically depend upon high-frequency data sources from specialist data providers, which can be expensive and are not always readily available. The study reported here therefore sought to better estimate travel time using “readily available” vehicle trajectory data from moving sensors such as buses, taxis, and logistical vehicles equipped with GPS in “near” real time. To do this, accurate locations of vehicles on a link were first map-matched to reduce the positioning errors associated with GPS and digital road maps. Two mathematical methods were then developed to estimate link travel times from map-matched GPS fixes, vehicle speeds, and network connectivity information with a special focus on sampling frequencies, vehicle penetration rates, and time window lengths. Global positioning system (GPS) data from Interstate I-880 (California) for a total of 73 vehicles over 6 h were obtained from the University of California Berkeley's Mobile Century Project, and these were used to evaluate several travel time estimation methods, the results of which were then validated against reference travel time data collected from high resolution video cameras. The results indicate that vehicle penetration rates, data sampling frequencies, vehicle coverage on the links, and time window lengths all influence the accuracy of link travel time estimation. The performance was found to be best in the 5-min time window length and for a GPS sampling frequency of 60 s.     

Design and power flow analysis for multi-speed automatic transmission with hybrid gear trains

A design approach for multi-speed automatic transmission with hybrid gear trains is proposed. The approach can be used to design automatic transmissions composed of planetary gear trains, fixed-axis gear trains or hybrid gear trains and the shifts follow the “one controlled part changing rule”. This approach consists of four parts: determining graphical configuration of the system using hypergraphs, analyzing power flow formulation, obtaining shifts configurations by shift searching algorithm, and determining physical configuration. A nine forward speed automatic transmission is analyzed to highlight the capacities of the proposed approach. The results have shown that the suggested approach is much clearer and less time consuming than the methods currently used.     

High-speed train control based on multiple-model adaptive control with second-level adaptation

Speed uplift has become the leading trend for the development of current railway traffic. Ideally, under the high-speed transportation infrastructure, trains run at specified positions with designated speeds at appointed times. In view of the faster adaptation ability of multiple-model adaptive control with second-level adaptation (MMAC-SLA), we propose one type of MMAC-SLA for a class of nonlinear systems such as cascaded vehicles. By using an input decomposition technique, the corresponding stability proof is solved for the proposed MMAC-SLA, which synthesises the control signals from the weighted multiple models. The control strategy is utilised to challenge the position and speed tracking of high-speed trains with uncertain parameters. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MMAC-SLA can achieve small tracking errors with moderate in-train forces incurred under the control of flattening input signals with practical enforceability. This study also provides a new idea for the control of in-train forces by tracking the positions and speeds of cars while considering power constraints.     

Active control strategy for the running attitude of high-speed train under strong crosswind condition

This paper focuses on the safety of high-speed trains under strong crosswind conditions. A new active control strategy is proposed based on the adaptive predictive control theory. The new control strategy aims at adjusting the attitudes of a train by controlling the new-type intelligent giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA). It combined adaptive control with dynamic matrix control; parameters of predictive controller was real-time adjusted by online distinguishing to enhance the robustness of the control algorithm. On this basis, a correction control algorithm is also designed to regulate the parameters of predictive controller based on the step response of a controlled objective. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can adjust the running attitudes of high-speed trains under strong crosswind conditions; they also indicate that the new active control strategy is effective and applicable in improving the safety performance of a train based on a host–target computer technology provided by Matlab/Simulink.     

Modeling bus bunching using massive location and fare collection data

Bus bunching is a well-known phenomenon for operators, users and regulators of high-frequency bus services. Bus operations are usually affected by increasing differences in the time intervals (headways) between consecutive buses. The effect of this variability is that buses tend to group into bunches of two or more, which severely affects the quality of service and the operational efficiency. The aim of this paper is to analyze which factors are associated to the phenomenon, using massive data from high-frequency services available in Santiago (Chile) and common-route services in Gatineau (Canada). The data is obtained from the bus GPS and AFC systems and are processed to obtain headways between buses. Using data from one week, we develop models to explain the variation of the continuous and discrete indicators of bus bunching as a function of variables related to the operation, variables related to the demand structure, and variables related to the infrastructure. Some of the factors that contribute to increase bus bunching are: stops located toward the end of the route, high scheduled frequency, irregular bus dispatch headways, non-homogeneous fleet, high demand, and high variability of demand. The results are useful for the design of quality indexes to measure bunching in bus operations, and for the design and operation of bus routes, taking into consideration the potential bus bunching problems.     

Active control strategy on a catenary–pantograph validated model

Dynamic simulation methods have become essential in the design process and control of the catenary–pantograph system, overall since high-speed trains and interoperability criteria are getting very trendy. This paper presents an original hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) strategy aimed at integrating a multicriteria active control within the catenary–pantograph dynamic interaction. The relevance of HIL control systems applied in the frame of the pantograph is undoubtedly increasing due to the recent and more demanding requirements for high-speed railway systems. Since the loss of contact between the catenary and the pantograph leads to arcing and electrical wear, and too high contact forces cause mechanical wear of both the catenary wires and the strips of the pantograph, not only prescribed but also economic and performance criteria ratify such a relevance. Different configurations of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller are proposed and applied to two different plant systems. Since this paper is mainly focused on the control strategy, both plant systems are simulation models though the methodology is suitable for a laboratory bench. The strategy of control involves a multicriteria optimisation of the contact force and the consumption of the energy supplied by the control force, a genetic algorithm has been applied for this purpose. Thus, the PID controller is fitted according to these conflicting objectives and tested within a nonlinear lumped model and a nonlinear finite element model, being the last one validated against the European Standard EN 50318. Finally, certain tests have been accomplished in order to analyse the robustness of the control strategy. Particularly, the relevance or the plant simulation, the running speed and the instrumentation time delay are studied in this paper.     

Recent Research and Development on Advanced Technologies of High-Speed Railways in Japan

Summary This report outlines the rolling stock of “Shinkansen” and conventional “narrow-gauge” railways, and reviews the research and development to put railway vehicles into revenue service from the viewpoint of rolling stock dynamics in Japan.     

以安全为导向的地铁过饱和线路跳站停车策略优化模型

为缓解高峰时段地铁过饱和线路的客流极端拥挤情况，从安全角度出发，以降低线路客流聚集风险和乘客总等待时间为目的，研究了地铁跳站停车策略优化问题。考虑随时间变化的动态客流需求，通过构建列车跳停、追踪运行、乘客动态加载等约束，推算出跳站停车策略下各车站乘客的动态聚集人数，并设计了独特的客流聚集风险评估函数。在传统只考虑乘客等待时间的列车跳停策略优化模型的基础上，将客流聚集风险纳入到模型的目标函数中，构建了以安全为导向的地铁跳站停车策略优化模型。考虑到模型的非线性特性，设计了适用于问题的可变邻域搜索算法(VNS)，提出了3类邻域新解的产生方式，并设置违反约束的惩罚函数，以提高求解效率。以北京地铁八通线为例，对其早高峰和部分平峰时段(07:00—10:40)下行方向42趟开行列车的停站策略进行了优化实验。结果表明:所提出的模型可在5 min内求解出高质量的列车跳停方案，能有效缓解极端拥堵，提升客运服务质量。对比发现，相对于传统站站停策略，列车跳停策略下，车站最大等待人数由5 299人减少到2 495人，客流聚集风险降低了98.7%。在客运服务水平方面，乘客的平均等待时间由9.49 min降低到9.15 min，降低了3.6%。      

基于免疫遗传算法的铁路列车运行调整研究

列车运行调整是铁路调度部门的重点研究对象,而自动调整是衡量铁路调度指挥自动化水平的核心。因此,以偏离运行图最小为优化目标,考虑了区间运行时分、追踪间隔时间、车站停车时分、越行约束等6个约束条件,建立了列车运行调整模型;在算法方面,针对遗传算法的缺陷,如收敛速度较慢,易于早熟收敛,提出了1种效果较好的免疫遗传算法,并对编码方案、适应度函数、抗体浓度、变异算子等进行设计改进。仿真结果表明该算法与遗传算法相比,在收敛速度,最优值以及试验成功率方面都具有更为优越的特性,可为调度人员提供1个较好的调整方案。      

基于站点群体聚集性客流的公交串车调度优化

为提升城市公交准点率、减少延误，解决车辆串车问题，研究基于站点群体聚集性客流的公交调度优化方法。以乘客出行意愿、乘车属性、到站规律等标识公交客流变化特征，以车辆载客限制、站点延误、到达率、下车率等描述串车形成场景。考虑准时性、客流需求、调控策略等约束，采用实时混合控制策略，实现车头时距偏差与乘客总行程时间最小的多目标优化。提出的公交串车调度方法，考虑到乘客到达率的不确定性，并通过调控公交车辆站点驻站时间以及路段平均行驶速度，可满足站点时段性群体聚集公交客流出行需求，防范潜在的公交串车。在模型求解上，考虑到双目标优化视角的差异性，运用超车规则对串车场景下的出站车辆重新排序，设计基于NSGA-II的求解算法，以拥挤距离标定序度关系，以精英策略获取新种群，改进交叉算子，并基于TOPSIS法对获取的Pareto解集择优。最后，以实际公交线路为例进行案例分析，结果表明：基于站点群体聚集性客流的公交串车优化调度模型，系统考虑了乘客乘车属性与车辆载客限制，能够输出最优的车辆滞站与车速调整方案，并且能运算得出车辆离站时间、车头时距偏差、准点率、乘客等待时间以及乘客行程时间等多项运营指标。优化前后对比表...     

New local design in the new normal: Sustainable city for outbreak risk

There is an urgent need to transform the conventional city into a flexible and sustainable city that can respond to the risks of outbreaks in a broad sense, including global infectious disease pandemics and large-scale disasters. However, today's cities have many trade-off (compatibility) problems related to peacetime-emergency, global-local, and so on, in addition to inertia to change. In this paper, we presented the idea of a new local design in which people's well-being is maintained and improved even in the new normal, based on the idea of “three compatibility problems.” As a concrete measure, we developed the concept of milieu that emphasizes local “place” and “innovation,” and expresses its socio-economic function after including the void spaces of today's cities. At the same time, we proposed an autonomous and self-sustaining segmented city that can respond to outbreaks by increasing the self-efficacy of citizens. Furthermore, based on an analysis of the implementation cases of integrated transportation machizukuri with railway development in Japan, we reported that the emergence of new local design has already been seen in industry-government-private partnership efforts.