国际货运代理人法律地位的认定标准

为正确认定国际货运代理企业的法律地位并依其法律地位承担相应的责任和义务，就实践中国际货运代理人法律地位认定的几个标准进行分析，认为明确国际货运代理人法律地位认定标准有助于国际货运代理人明确法律责任，建立更好的风险防范机制，对当事各方责任和风险的分担具有至关重要的作用，也是解决货运代理业务纠纷的基本前提。     

国际货运代理法律地位的确认及实践中的几个问题

对国际货运代理法律地位的界定进行了具体的阐述,同时结合海商法以及相关的法律说明国际货运代理实践的几个问题.     

国际货运代理人法律地位的识别以及责任限制制度的适用

在涉及国际货运代理人的案件中，法律工作者需要在错综复杂的案件中理出头绪，抓住关键。首先，需要明确国际货运代理人的法律地位，因为国际货运代理不同于民法中规定的一般代理，特别是作为独立经营人的法律地位更需要注意；其次，需要对应适用相关的责任限制制度。国际货运代理享受赔偿责任限制不单单是对独立经营人，而是涵盖整个经营范围。     

论货运代理人的法律地位及其责任

关于货运代理人的法律地位及其责任，我国现行法律并没有作出明确规定，在实务中极易产生纠纷，笔者认为，货运代理作为特殊的代理领域，应当包括直接代理和间接代理两种形式，货运代理人的法律地位根据采取直接代理方式，这是间接代理方式，以及是否以独立经营人身份出现分别确定，进而承担不同的责任。     

《国际货运代理通用交易条件》国家标准解读(下)

2．客户和公司的法律地位 货运代理人具有双重身份,在通常情况下,货运代理人是以代理人的身份,从事货运代理业务,当其取得无船承运人资格,向客户签发提单时,其身份即变成了运输合同的当事人,其法律地位也随之发生了变化。     

试论合同法之代理原则对货运代理业的影响

根据民法相关规定阐述了我国对于国际货运代理法律地位的认定以及产生的后果。并在此基础上针对《合同法》第四百零二条、四百零三条进行相关的分析。揭示了上述两条款对货运代理业的影响。     

第三方物流和国际货运代理的区别与联系(下)

(四)法律关于企业设立的规定 1.货运代理企业的设立规定 根据<货运代理管理规定>,国际货物运输代理企业必须依法取得中华人民共和国企业法人资格.2004年1月1日商务部颁布的<国际货运代理业管理规定实施细则>(简称实施细则)第七条进一步规定,国际货运代理企业应当依法取得中华人民共和国企业法人资格.     

国际货运代理业务中的若干风险及防范对策

近年来，国际货运代理市场的竞争日趋激烈。为了竞争的需要，国际货运代理在提供传统的货运代理业务的同时，纷纷以无船承运人身份提供包括内陆集疏运服务在内的全方位服务。同时，为了争取客户，很多国际货运代理不惜违规操作，轻易接受货方提出的不合理要求，如随便接受货主的委托、垫付运杂费、出借空白提单等。所有这些都使国际货运代理的风险大大增加。国际货运代理面临的风险很多，除了因政治、经济、法律、市场等因素以及因投资失误等产生的各种风险外，还有经营过程中的各种商业风险。面对如此大的商业风险，国际货运代理应该在对其…     

浅谈无船承运人与国际货运代理人的区别

无船承运人多由国际货运代理人发展而来,实践中常存在一个企业同时是国际货运代理人又是无船承运人的现象,人们难以将两者加以区分。《中华人民共和国海运条例》虽规定了无船承运业务管理制度,明确了无船承运人的法律地位及其签发提单的法律效力,但还存在诸多不完善之处。本文将在明确无船承运人及国际货运代理人概念的基础上,从理论和实务方面将之加以区别。     

国际货代业与现代物流

随着国际贸易的发展,全球经济一体化进一步加剧,国际货代业所处的地位显得越来越重要.近10年来,我国的国际货运代理业务迅猛发展,专门从事货运代理业务的企业也越来越多.     

我国国际货运代理责任保险探讨

近年来,随着国家经济和对外贸易的迅速增长,国际货运代理业在市场竞争中得到迅速发展。国际货运代理市场的全面对外开放给国际货运代理业带来了发展的机遇,但随之而来的是激烈的竞争和难以预测的风险。国际货运代理责任保险制度作为防范和规避国际货运代理风险和责任的有效制度在西方发达国家已极度盛行,而在我国却甚少有人问津。因此,本文从国际货运代理和责任保险的基本概念出发,联系我国国际货运代理责任保险的现状,对国际货运代理责任保险制度在我国的设立作了简单的论述。     

国际货运代理业应当尽快实施收益管理

收益管理作为一项先进的管理技术,在国际货运代理业尚未得到充分应用。现以国际货运代理业中最重要的业务之一——国际集装箱运输代理业务为例,探讨国际货运代理业可否实行收益管理,并从可行性、必要性和紧迫性等三个方面,进行较为详细的分析和论述,得出国际货运代理业开展收益管理不仅是可行的,而且是十分必要的,同时也是急待实施的结论,从而为国际货运代理业实施收益管理提供理论支持。     

传统货运代理业向物流领域发展的对策研究

针对我国传统货运代理业服务方式单一、生存空间受到严峻挑战的现状,提出了货运代理企业向物流领域进军的发展对策。     

无船承运人与货运代理人的识别

无船承运人与货运代理人在国际贸易和航运业的发展中都发挥着重要的作用,但是由于二者发展历史上的渊源以及业务范围的某些交叠使得无论在理论中还是实践中都存在着含混不清的地方。我国现有的法律法规包括新近颁布的《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》都没能很好地解决这一问题,而美国的《1998年航运改革法》似乎在这方面做出了有益的探索。     

国际货运代理人充当第第三方物流经营人法律地位确定

分析了国际货运代理人充当第三方物流经营人后,因实施的具体法律行为不同,而具有不同的法律地位。     

Cooperation among freight forwarders: Mode choice and intermodal freight transport

The objective of this paper is to compare vertical and horizontal cooperation among freight forwarders. The paper analyses three freight forwarders (‘players’) with two different means of transportation. The first two players are truck-operating freight forwarders. The third player is a freight forwarder with its own ship. For the purposes of analysis, the paper applied a two-stage game. The results revealed that the best form of cooperation is the one in which the large truck-operating company would establish a coalition with the ship-operating company; that is, vertical cooperation. This cooperation would generate better payoffs in the form of profit, not only to the members of this coalition, but also to the player that has not joined the coalition. However, user surplus is negative in all coalitions, which shows that the establishment of these kinds of cooperation is not beneficial (in terms of prices) for the users of these service providers.     

Eastern/Western European shipping companies and multimodal transport operations

The purpose of this article is to discuss the current developments in multimodal cargo flows in North European freight transports from Eastern and Western European shipping companies' point of view. Four types of options were identified for shipping companies in multimodal transport operations, namely: (i) the full service operator option, (ii) the feeder operator option in container trades, (iii) the ro-ro operator option, and (iv) the ferry operator option. Option (i) requires a global transport network together with efficient information handling capabilities. This option can be reached by a limited number of mega-carriers. The scope of investment and know-how in this option is such that Eastern European operators are unlikely to achieve this level. In (ii), fleets from (or registered in) the former socialist countries have an advantage as low cost operators, provided that the quality of the operation conforms to principals' requirements. However, the supply side in the intra-European container feeder trades seems to be quite saturated, and new market shares will be very difficult to acquire in the 1990s. In ro-ro shortsea trades the major freight transport operators are well integrated into either freight forwarder driven arrangements (Sweden, Germany), or into major shippers (Finland). As providers of port-to-port transports for road-based cargoes, ferry operators continue to play an important part in international transports. However, the major incentive (and revenue) for passenger/car ferry operations is usually derived from consumers' vacational or travelling needs. Along with the ongoing transition process and a higher level of economic stability that is hopefully achieved in these countries, mergers and acquisitions by Western partners are likely to follow.     

国际集装箱运价管理机制的探讨——兼论运价报备制度实施的作用与实质

通过对试行的运价报备制度的作用与实质的分析提出了在目前国际集装箱运输市场以运价报备制度作为运价管理模式是合适的。运价报备制度比传统的各种运价管理模式刚性小、易于被业界各方接受,又可以作为国家宏观管理的一种政策手段,为长期稳定集装箱运价起到积极的作用,在目前运价全面放开的市场背景下还可以作为一种新运价管理模式。     

Some properties of international maritime statistics

This paper tests two fundamental hypotheses concerning international maritime statistics. The first one deals with the question of stationary of the maritime market statistics. The second hypothesis tested is the assumption that the international maritime statistical time series are not distributed according to a normal of Guassian probability law, but rather belong to the same family of distributions with distinctly different critical parameters. Through well documented statistical methods, the paper concludes that the international freight rates observed on a day to day basis are generated by a random walk process. The paper finds that the shipping industry's conventioal wisdom is essentially correct. 'Last done' is as good a forecast of tomorrow's freight rate as any other generated by more sophisticated forecasting methods. Furthermore, freight rates and secondhand tonnage prices fluctuate closely together. The freight rates are generated by stochastic processes fully described by the Paretian family of distributions. The critical parameters of these distribution, the characteristic exponents, are such that the risk conscious ship operator can indeed reduce his exposure to risk by securing a correct set of freight rate contracts.