Conceptual design of economic hybrid vehicle system using clutchless geared smart transmission

Most hybrid vehicles employ the continuously variable transmission (CVT or eCVT) currently as their choice of the transmissions. Recently, an automated geared transmission (AGT) or dual clutch transmission (DCT) is being tried for some hybrid vehicles for the better fuel economy than the CVT hybrid. However, this AGT or DCT is using automated clutches which require the hydraulic power in addition to the slippage in the clutch plate invoking some energy loss as well as wear. Also, they require a motor with significant power to match to the engine power. The clutchless geared smart transmission (CGST) has no clutch and the clutch function is performed by a planetary gear system controlled by a motor-generator. The hybrid vehicles proposed here using CGST may have some merits in durability, fuel efficiency, and cost since they do not have clutches. The motor used for the clutch function can be also working for power merge with the engine in propelling the vehicle. The proposed hybrid system can be either mild hybrid or full hybrid by adopting a different capacity of battery with much smaller motor-generator due to the planetary gear system compared to the other type hybrid vehicles. In this study, the prospects of newly proposed CGST hybrid system are examined in practical aspects compared with AGT hybrid or DCT hybrid systems.     

Novel large scale simulation process to support dot’s cafe modeling system

This paper demonstrates a new process that has been specifically designed for the support of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT’s) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. In developing the standards, DOT’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration made use of the CAFE Compliance and Effects Modeling System (the “Volpe model” or the “CAFE model”), which was developed by DOT’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center for the 2005–2007 CAFE rulemaking and has been continuously updated since. The model is the primary tool used by the agency to evaluate potential CAFE stringency levels by applying technologies incrementally to each manufacturer’s fleet until the requirements under consideration are met. The Volpe model relies on numerous technology-related and economic inputs, such as market forecasts, technology costs, and effectiveness estimates; these inputs are categorized by vehicle classification, technology synergies, phase-in rates, cost learning curve adjustments, and technology “decision trees”. Part of the model’s function is to estimate CAFE improvements that a given manufacturer could achieve by applying additional technology to specific vehicles in its product line. A significant number of inputs to the Volpe decision-tree model are related to the effectiveness (fuel consumption reduction) of each fuel-saving technology. Argonne National Laboratory has developed a fullvehicle simulation tool named Autonomie, which has become one of the industry’s standard tools for analyzing vehicle energy consumption and technology effectiveness. Full-vehicle simulation tools use physics-based mathematical equations, engineering characteristics (e.g., engine maps, transmission shift points, and hybrid vehicle control strategies), and explicit drive cycles to predict the effectiveness of individual and combined fuel-saving technologies. The Large-Scale Simulation Process accelerates and facilitates the assessment of individual technological impacts on vehicle fuel economy. This paper will show how Argonne efficiently simulates hundreds of thousands of vehicles to model anticipated future vehicle technologies.     

Simulation model of an electrohydraulic-actuated double-clutch transmission vehicle: modelling and system design

Automated and manual transmissions are the main link between engine and powertrain. The technical term when the transmission provides the desired torque during all possible driving conditions is denoted as powertrain matching. Recent developments in the last years show that double-clutch-transmissions (DCTs) are a reasonable compromise in terms of production costs, shifting quality, drivability and fuel efficiency. They have several advantages compared to other automatic transmissions (AT). Most DCTs nowadays consist of a hydraulic actuation control unit, which controls the clutches of the gearbox in order to induce a desired drivetrain torque into the driveline. The main functions of hydraulic systems are manifold: they initiate gear shifts, they provide sufficient oil for lubrication and they control the shift quality by suitably providing a desired oil flow or pressure for the clutch actuation. In this paper, a mathematical model of a passenger car equipped with a DCT is presented. The objective of this contribution is to get an increased understanding for the dynamics of the hydraulic circuit and its coupling to the vehicle drivetrain. The simulation model consists of a hydraulic and a mechanical domain: the hydraulic actuation circuit is described by nonlinear differential equations and includes the dynamics of the line pressure and the proportional valve, as well as the influence of the pressure reducing valve, pipe resistances and accumulator dynamics. The drivetrain with its gear ratios, moments of inertia, torsional stiffness of the rotating shafts and a simple longitudinal vehicle model represent the mechanical domain. The link between hydraulic and mechanical domain is given by the clutch, which combines hydraulic equations and Newton's laws. The presented mathematical model may not only be used as a simulation model for developing the transmission control software, it may also serve as a virtual layout for the design process phase. At the end of this contribution a parametric study shows the influence of the mechanical components, the accumulator and the temperature of the oil.     

Analysis of planetary gear hybrid powertrain system part 2: Output split system

In recent studies, various types of multi-mode electric variable transmissions for hybrid electric vehicles have been proposed. A multi-mode electric variable transmission consists of two or more different types of a planetary gear hybrid powertrain system (PGHP), which can change power flow type using clutches to improve transmission efficiency. Input split systems are generally used for the single-mode powertrain because of their overall superiority, but other power split systems such as output split and compound split systems can be used in the dual-mode powertrain. In this study, we analyze the power transmission characteristics of output split systems, and evaluate their fuel economies in the FTP72 cycle, acceleration performance, and constant vehicle speeds. These results enable the selection of appropriate systems for a dual-mode powertrain.     

DCT挡位决策控制系统智能化研究

阐述了DCT智能换挡控制系统中体现驾驶意图和行驶工况各种模式的主要特征。采用模糊逻辑技术对驾驶意图和行驶工况进行统一识别,并在已划分的各种模式基础上进行了各模式下标准换挡规律的智能修正。利用所建立的DCT换挡控制系统仿真模型,选取急加速意图和上坡工况进行了DCT智能挡位决策控制仿真分析。结果表明,所提出的DCT挡位决策控制系统能更好地发挥车辆的性能,验证了DCT挡位决策的智能化控制效果。     

Development of a high torque capacity belt-drive CVT with a torque converter

A new belt-drive continuously variable transmission (CVT) has been developed and installed in a 2-liter class vehicle for the first time in the world. This paper describes the technical features of this high torque capacity transmission, the need for a torque converter, the importance of electronic control and the driving modes achieved. This new CVT provides better driving performance and fuel economy than current CVTs and 4-speed automatic transmissions.     

Starting sliding mode variable structure that coordinates the control and real-time optimization of dry dual clutch transmissions

This paper researches the coordination of control between an engine and clutch at the system level to adequately reflect a driver’s intention and improve the starting performance of a vehicle equipped with a dry dual clutch transmission (DCT). Four-degree-of-freedom (DOF) starting dynamic equations are established for a dry DCT with a single intermediate shaft, and a two-DOF model of the sliding friction process and a single-DOF in-gear model of stable operation are obtained after simplifying these equations. Taking advantage of predictive control and a genetic algorithm, target tracing curves of the engine’s speed and the vehicle’s velocity are optimally specified online, and the starting sliding mode variable structure (SMVS) coordinating control strategy is designed to track these curves. The starting performance of a prototype car equipped with a dry DCT is simulated under different starting cases on the MATLAB/Simulink software platform. The simulation results show that the designed SMVS coordinating controller not only embodies driver intention and effectively improves the dry DCT car’s starting performance but is also highly robust when subjected to variations in the vehicle parameters.     

应用于DCT同步器的苏尔寿摩擦材料技术

双离合器变速器（DCT）技术在驾驶舒适性以及燃油经济性方面取得了完美的平衡,迄今为止全球约90%的DCT同步器使用了苏尔寿（Sulzer）摩擦材料。     

汽车和摩托车的节油研究

分析了汽车和摩托车车辆本身的结构型式和技术性能与燃油消耗的关系 ,其中包括车辆自身质量、传动效率、空气阻力、滚动阻力以及所配用发动机的结构型式、点火系统、压缩比及配气系统的充气效率等 ;并阐述了提高驾驶水平并保持车况良好也是节油不可忽视的方面。     

选择性输出双离合自动变速器换挡仿真

为提高我国车企的竞争优势,文章介绍一种具有自主发明专利技术的双离合自动变速器(DCT)的结构及工作原理。并利用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件,建立了整车系统动力学模型,包括发动机、双离合自动变速器、车体及其他负载。在此基础上进行DCT的换挡过程仿真分析,研究其控制策略。仿真实验结果验证了所建立数学模型的合理性和可行性,提高了DCT动力系统设计的效率。仿真结果表明该方法正确可行。     

氢燃料-光伏电池汽车动力系统分层能量管理策略

汽车产业的热门趋势是新能源汽车,光伏电池汽车和燃料电池汽车的技术却未被开发,正是最好的发展方向。本文根据燃料电池和光伏电池的工作原理及输出特性,对其进行数学建模,选用双向全桥DC/DC变换器,作为系统控制的一部分,使用传统移相控制正向工作模式,并对其传输功率进行分析。利用matlab/simulink软件对上面的建立的数学模型进行建模仿真,建立出氢燃料-光伏电池汽车动力系统模型。分析研究氢燃料电池和光伏电池的能量控制理论,从而设计出系统级的协调控制与能量管理,即分层能量管理策略。     

Fuel consumption parameters for realizing and verifying fuel consumption prospect algorithm of vehicle driving route information system

Emissions of CO₂, as the main component of greenhouse gases, and high fuel consumption rates are worldwide problems. To solve them, most car manufacturers have concentrated on developing various techniques to improve the efficiencies of engines and transmissions and ECO-ROUTEs to meet environmental regulations. In this study, an algorithm for determining routes that cause the least fuel consumption was developed. The core of this algorithm is a specific EEC (energy efficiency constant) map containing logic that is able to predict fuel consumption. The accuracy of the algorithm was confirmed by vehicle tests for various driving patterns. Parameters affecting vehicle fuel economy were studied and verified. Improvement in the accuracy of this algorithm was confirmed by applying these parameters to ECO-ROUTE logic.     

Development of a new manual transmission

New 6-speed and 5-speed manual transmissions have been developed for a few FF cars that match up with the high revolutions and high power of the new i-VTEC [1] engine. The development objectives were to improve fuel efficiency and enable smoother transmission shiftings as well as to achieve a compact design. In order to achieve these targets, the transmission employs technologies to reduce friction, weight and transmission length, and also to create a large capacity synchronizer system enabling high rotational speed.     

Model-Based Integrated Control of Engine and CVT to Minimize Fuel Use

In this study, a model-based integrated control method for engines and continuous variable transmissions (CVTs) is developed. CVT refers to a type of transmission which allows an engine to be operated independently with respect to the vehicle speed, with the engine torque and CVT gear ratio controlled in an integrated manner. In the proposed integrated control scheme, engine operating points which minimize the rate of instantaneous fuel consumption are calculated, and the engine target torque and target gear ratio are determined in an integrated manner based on the results of the calculations. Unlike the previous map-based control method, the method introduced in this study does not require an engine torque map or a CVT ratio map for tuning, and the engine torque and CVT ratio are controlled to minimize the amount of fuel used while satisfying the level of acceleration demand from the driver. The control scheme is based on the powertrain model, and the CVT response lag and transmission loss are also considered in the integrated control processes. The algorithm is simulated with various driving cycles, with the simulation results showing that the fuel economy performance of the vehicle system is improved with the newly suggested engine-CVT integrated control algorithm.     

Shifting control of an automated mechanical transmission without using the clutch

The automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is gaining popularity in the automotive industry, due to its combination of the advantages of mechanical transmissions (MT) and automatic transmissions (AT) in terms of fuel consumption, low cost, improved driving comfort and shifting quality. However, the inherent structural characteristics of the AMT lead to disadvantages, including excessive wear of the clutch plates and jerk and traction interruption during the shift process, that severely affect its popularity in the automatic transmission industry. The emerging technology of shifting control without the use of the clutch is a promising way to improve the shifting transients of AMTs. This paper proposes a control algorithm that combines speed and torque control of the AMT vehicle powertrain to achieve shifting control without using the clutch. The key technologies of accurate engine torque and speed control and rapid position control of the shift actuators are described in detail. To realize accurate engine speed control, a combined control algorithm based on feed-forward, bang-bang and PID control is adopted. Additionally, an optimized closed-loop position control algorithm based on LQR is proposed for the shift actuators. The coordinated control algorithm based on engine and shift actuator control is described in detail and validated on a test vehicle equipped with an AMT. The results show that the coordinated control algorithm can achieve shifting control without the use of the clutch to improve driving comfort significantly, reduce shift transients and extend the service life of the clutch.     

谈汽车自动变速器

随着科学技术的进步,汽车工业得到了迅速发展,而人类对舒适性的更高追求,使得自动变速器的发展更加深入。文章通过对比不同类型的自动变速器的优、缺点,重点分析了自动变速器DSG区别于其他类型变速器的优势,最终得出的结论是：舒适性和便利性的追求将是自动变速器发展的方向,类似DSG的电控机械式自动变速器将构成未来自动变速器的主体。     

Dynamic modeling of the electro-mechanical configuration of the Toyota Hybrid System series/parallel power train

The hybridization of the conventional thermal vehicles nowadays constitutes a paramount importance for car manufacturers, facing the challenge of minimizing the consumption of the road transport. Although hybrid power train technologies did not converge towards a single solution, series/parallel power trains with power-split electromechanical transmissions prove to be the most promising hybrid technology. In fact, these power trains show maximum power train overall efficiency and maximum fuel reduction in almost all driving conditions compared to the conventional and other hybrid power trains. This paper addresses the model and design of the electro-mechanical configuration of one of the most effective HEV power trains: case study of the 2nd generation Prius. It presents the simulation work of the overall operation of the Toyota Hybrid System (THS-II) of the Prius, and explores not only its power-split eCVT innovative transmission system but also its overall supervision controller for energy management. The kinematic and dynamic behaviors of the THS-II power train are explained based on the power-split aspect of its transmission through a planetary gear train. Then, the possible regular driving functionalities that result from its eCVT operation and the energy flow within its power train are outlined. A feed-forward dynamic model of the studied power train is next proposed, supervised by a rule-based engineering intuition controller. The energy consumption of the THS-II proposed model has been validated by comparing simulation results to published results on European, American and Japanese regulatory driving cycles.     

我国车用燃料技术发展路径分析研究

根据我国车用燃料发展现状,设立了燃料产能与市场份额、CO2减排潜力、能源效率、环境兼容性、燃料成本、与传统发动机技术兼容性、对现有基础设施的适用性等7项车用燃料评价指标。采用GREET模型和专家咨询方法,对我国各类车用燃料在"油井到车轮"(WTW)全生命周期中的能量消耗和排放进行分析研究,提出了我国车用燃料技术的发展路径。     

车企结盟 抢占燃料电池车市场先机

<正>近年来,多家车企将目光转向氢燃料电池。然而,氢燃料电池车存在车辆研发成本高、氢气制备成本高、加氢站少且缺乏统一标准等问题。这些问题仅凭一家车企之力根本无法解决,因此各大汽车制造商积极对外寻找助力,甚至与竞争对手结盟,目标抢占市场先机。     

Development of dry hybrid belt CVT

We have developed a continuously variable transmission (CVT) which has superior transfer efficiency, by thoroughly reducing transfer loss by means of using a dry hybrid belt, using no lubrication composition system around the belt, and using an electric control system of a DC motor.The fuel efficiency and driveability of the prototype vehicle equiped with the CVT were proven equivalent or even superior to a 5 speed manual transmission.