Reduction of emissions with propane addition to a diesel engine

Recent studies on dual-fuel combustion in compression-ignition (CI) engines, also known as diesel engines, fall into two categories. In the first category are studies focused on the addition of small amounts of gaseous fuel to CI engines. In these studies, gaseous fuel is regarded as a secondary fuel and diesel fuel is regarded as the main fuel for combustion. The objectives of these studies typically involve reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions by using gaseous fuel as a partial substitution for diesel fuel. However, the addition of gaseous fuel raises the combustion temperature, which increases emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). In the second category are studies focused on reactivity-controlled compression-ignition (RCCI) combustion. RCCI combustion can be implemented by early diesel injection with a large amount of low-reactivity fuel such as gasoline or gaseous fuel. Although RCCI combustion promises lower NO_x and PM emissions and higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion, it requires a higher intake pressure (usually more than 1.7 bars) to maintain a lean fuel mixture. Therefore, in this study, practical applications of dual-fuel combustion with a low air-fuel ratio (AFR), which implies a low intake pressure, were systemically evaluated using propane in a diesel engine. The characteristics of dualfuel combustion for high and low AFRs were first evaluated. The proportion of propane used for four different operating conditions was then increased to decrease emissions and to identify the optimal condition for dual-fuel combustion. Although the four operating conditions differ, the AFR was maintained at 20 (? approximately equal to 0.72) and the 50% mass fraction burned (MFB 50) was also fixed. The results show that dual-fuel combustion can reduce NO_x and PM emissions in comparison to conventional diesel combustion.     

Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review

This paper reviews the particle emissions formed during the combustion process in spark ignition and diesel engine. Proposed legislation in Europe and California will impose a particle number requirement for GDI (gasoline direct injection) vehicles and will introduce the Euro 6 and LEV-III emission standards. More careful optimization for reducing particulate emission on engine hardware, fuel system, and control strategy to reduce particulate emissions will be required during cold start and warm-up phases. Because The diesel combustion inherently produces significant amounts of PM as a result of incomplete combustion around individual fuel droplets in the combustion zone, much attention has been paid to reducing particle emissions through electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems, combustion chamber design, and exhaust after-treatment technologies. In this paper, recent research and development trends to reduce the particle emissions from internal combustion engines are summarized, with a focus on PMP activity in EU, CARB and SAE papers and including both state-of-the-art light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines.     

Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection stratified charge S.I. engine

A direct-injection stratified charge gasoline engine has been developed that can run on an air–fuel ratio of 40–50 : 1. Major characteristics of the engine system include swirl gas flow and fuel injection in a swirl spray at a maximum fuel pressure of 10 MPa. Another notable feature is that the intake port configuration is virtually identical to that of a conventional engine, allowing flexibility for shared use of components among different engines. This new engine achieves better fuel economy, lower cold-start HC emissions and higher power output than conventional multipoint injection engines.     

汽车发动机在节能和排放领域的新进展

回顾 内燃机的发展历程，并对为降低内燃机排放而采取各种动力的汽车进行分析，指出燃油汽车仍具有很大的发展前景，论述了汽油机从化油器式直至均燃直喷式的发展历程，并阐述了它们各自的优缺点；指出了柴油机为达到提高功率密度、降低燃油消耗及改善环境的目的应采取的措施。     

Gasoline multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI): Controllable, high efficiency and clean combustion mode in direct injection engines

A novel combustion concept namely “multiple premixed compression ignition” (MPCI) in gasoline direct injection compression ignition (GDICI) regime is proposed. Its predominant feature is the first premixed and followed quasipremixed combustion processes in a sequence of “spray-combustion-spray-combustion”. The multiple-stage premixed combustion decouples the pressure rise with pollutants formation process, which means the pressure rise rate and emissions can be reduced simultaneously, while achieving a high thermal efficiency. The gasoline MPCI mode has been demonstrated in a research engine with a compression ratio of 18.5. Gasoline with the research octane number (RON) of 94.4 was tested under 1400 rpm, 0.6 MPa IMEP conditions, without EGR and intake boosting. A parameter study of common rail pressure and intake temperature was implemented to investigate their effects on the performance of MPCI mode. Compared to the single-stage diffusion combustion in traditional diesel engines, the gasoline MPCI mode achieves lower emissions of soot, NO, CO, as well as slightly higher indicated efficiency, with a penalty of higher THC emissions when the common rail pressure is larger than 80 MPa in this study. With intake temperature sweeping, the gasoline MPCI mode also has the foregoing advantages compared to the diesel under the same operating conditions.     

天然气/柴油双燃料发动机电控喷气技术研究

本文研制开发了天然气／柴油双燃料发动机的压缩天然气（ＣＮＧ）电控喷气系统。试验表明，电控喷气可以明显改善双燃料发动机的燃料经济性和排放性能，提高发动机的热效率。合理选择加载喷射压力和喷射相位可有效地提高燃烧速度和燃烧稳定性。     

Influence of oxygenate content on particulate matter emission in gasoline direct injection engine

The relationship between the oxygen content in gasoline and the particulate emission (particle number and weight) was investigated. In order to study the influence of the engine configuration on the particulate emission, four vehicles were tested in which the following systems were installed: Vehicle 1 was equipped with direct injection system which uses central mounted outwardly opening injectors. Vehicle 2 and 3 used direct injection with a side mounted multihole injectors and Vehicle 4 had port fuel injection system. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was used as the oxygen booster. The oxygen content in the gasoline was varied from 1 to 3 wt%, which corresponds with an MTBE dosage from 3.55% to 16.11%. This study used fuel that contained the same octane number with a 2% oxygen content without oxygen components, and it was used as the reference fuel in order to distinguish the effect of the oxygen content increases and the octane boosts that result from the MTBE. All vehicle tests were performed on a roller type chassis dynamometer using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Test Procedure-75 (FTP-75) cycle. The experiment results demonstrate that the oxygen content increases in the gasoline reduced the particulate emission in vehicles with direct injection engines. An equivalent phenomenon was observed in a vehicle with a port fuel injection engine, but its absolute particle number was much smaller than that of the gasoline direct injection engine. The amount of reduction of the particle number in the start (cold) phase of the test cycle was significant compared with the later (hot) phase engine operation. However, particulates were emitted even though the engine was fully warmed up, especially when the engine was highly loaded. Other factors such as fuel economy or other exhaust emissions were not significantly affected by the oxygen content.     

掺氢比对氢-甲醇发动机稀薄燃烧及排放影响

为探究掺氢比对氢-甲醇发动机稀薄燃烧性能的影响，在一台1.8 L涡轮增压缸内直喷汽油机 （GDI） 改装的氢-甲醇发动机上，开展了不同燃空当量比和不同掺氢比条件下的甲醇发动机掺氢燃烧和排放试验研究。结果表明，在稀燃条件下，增大掺氢比能提高发动机缸内最高燃烧压力及放热率峰值，且燃烧相位提前，燃烧持续期缩短。在稀燃情况下适当掺氢有助于改善循环变动，混合气越稀改善效果越好，但随燃空比和掺氢量增大时，循环变动却有恶化的趋势。当燃空当量比大于 0.71 时，增大掺氢比能改善 HC 排放；当燃空当量比大于 0.83 时，掺氢能改善 NOx排放，但 CO 排放恶化；当燃空当量比小于0.83时，增大掺氢比导致NOx排放恶化但CO排放降低。     

Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine

The first firing cycle is very important during cold-start for all types of spark ignition engines. In addition, the combustion characteristics of the first firing cycle affect combustion and emissions in the following cycles. However, the first-cycle fuel-air mixing, combustion and emissions generation within the cylinder of a two-stage direct-injection (TSDI) engine during cold start is not completely understood. Based on the total stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and local richer mixture startup strategy, the first-cycle firing and combustion characteristic at cold start were investigated in a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) gasoline engine. In addition, the effects of the first injection timing, second injection timing, 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion and total excess air ratio on the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and accumulated heat release were analyzed on the basis of a cycle-by-cycle analysis. It is shown that a larger 2nd fuel injection amount and later 2nd injection timing are more beneficial to the firing of the first cycle in the case of a total excess air ratio of 1.0. The optimum 1st and 2nd injection timing fuel injection proportions are 120°CA ATDC during the intake stroke, 60°CA BTDC during the compression stroke and 1:1. In addition, the firing boundary is a 2nd injection timing later than 90°CA BTDC during the compression stroke in the case of the 1st injection timing from 60°CA to 180°CA ATDC during an intake stroke and involves a 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion of 1:1 and an excess air ratio of 1.0. The study provides a detailed understanding of cold-start combustion characteristics and a guide for optimizing the reliable first-cycle firing at cold start.     

单缸直喷柴油机涡流室燃烧系统外部增压的实验研究

为满足非道路用柴油机的排放法规,从改善柴油机缸内混合气形成质量出发,提出了直喷式柴油机涡流室燃烧系统;设计了柴油机外部增压系统,进行了新型燃烧系统在外部增压下性能的实验研究。结果表明,外部增压能降低柴油机的油耗和排放;增压压力为0.15MPa时,柴油机油耗率最低。增压压力为0.18MPa时,使用4×0.36×140°喷油嘴在供油提前角为8°CA、90%负荷下,NOx排放量仅为常压下的25%。     

Multiair~技术:突破性的空气管理策略

Multiair是一种新型电子液压发动机气门控制系统，通过发动机进气门直接控制进气，无须借助节流阀，因而有助于降低油耗，还可以通过控制燃烧减少污染物排放。Multiair可应用于各种汽油发动机，未来还可能开发用于柴油发动机。     

TJ376Q二气门汽油机准均质稀混合气燃烧实验研究

本文对夏利TJ376Q汽油机进气系统进行了改造，大大提高了涡流和滚流比，强化空气运动的结果有利于组织燃料在缸内的浓度分布，从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀燃烧打下基础；原发动机油器式供油系统被改为电控气道内燃油喷射系统。在此基础上，采用了两次燃油喷射技术。通过对这两次喷油时刻、喷油量的分别调节，在缸内形成精细分层的混合气即所谓准均质混合气，从而优化了油耗和排放指标，成功地在产品二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

MultiAir发动机：汽油发动机的突破？

欧洲未来排放法规很可能给予汽油机而非柴油机更有利的政策。一种采用了空气直喷技术的新型超低排放汽油机正在进行标准化设计     

Experimental studies on low pressure semi-direct fuel injection in a two stroke spark ignition engine

In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi-direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure, spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs. A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection, and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential.     

二甲醚发动机的燃烧与排放研究

在一台2135直喷柴油机上，对燃油供给系统进行了适当的改造，测试了燃用二甲醚发动机的燃料喷射时刻、气缸压力和有害排放，计算分析了放热规律及滞燃期变化规律。研究结果表明，在供油提前角相同的情况下，二甲醚的喷射延迟比柴油长而滞燃期比柴油短，着火时刻落后于柴油；二甲醚的最大放热速率小，而燃烧持续期短；二甲醚发动机接近无烟排放，N0x排放浓度显著低于柴油机。     

车用直喷式柴油机排气净化的途径

在改善车用柴油机燃油经济性的同时，需进一步降低氮氧化物和微粒排放，关键是进一步优化燃烧过程，减少有害排放物的生成，也要改善燃料品质，甚至进一步采用排气后处理技术，本文阐述了喷油系统和进气系统的改进，燃烧室设计的优化，增压中冷，废气再循环等技术措施的潜力，以及燃油改质，排气后处理等措施的效果。     

A study of a torque control algorithm for direct-injection gasoline engines

A new torque control system was developed for direct injection gasoline engines. The control algorithm was obtained through an analysis of torque behavior under lean combustion with the application of EGR. Tests were conducted in which the openings of both the throttle valve and EGR valve were used as the control parameters, and the fuel injection quantity was synchronized with the phase of the air flow into the cylinders. It was found that good correspondence was obtained between the actual torque and the target torque even when the air–fuel ratio and the EGR rate were changed under transient operating conditions.     

缸内直喷技术在小型汽油机上的应用研究

在1台单缸发动机上进行了汽油缸内直喷研究,设计了燃油供应系统、燃油电控喷射及台架测试系统。对部分台架试验结果进行研究分析,结果表明:改装的小型缸内直喷汽油机动力性能和排放性能均有明显改善;喷射时刻对排放有重要影响;在缸内直喷分层难以实现时,缸内直喷均质混合方式也是可行的研究开发方向。     

电控汽油机提高经济性排放性的途径

本文提出了电控汽油机提高燃油经济性，降低排放的三种措施，并介绍了各种措施的一些具体要求及实施手段，为车用电控汽油机进一步提高燃油经济性，降低排放提供了途径。     

Effects of mixture stratification on HCCI combustion of DME in a rapid compression and expansion machine

Compression ignition of homogeneous charges in internal combustion (IC) engines is expected to offer high efficiency of DI diesel engines without high levels of NOx and particulate emissions. This study is intended to find ways of extending the rich limit of HCCI operation, one of the problems yet to be overcome. Exhaust emissions characteristics are also explored through analyses of the combustion products. DME fuel, either mixed with air before induction or directly injected into the combustion chamber of a rapid compression and expansion machine, is compressed to ignite under various conditions of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and injection timing. The characteristics of the resulting combustion and exhaust emissions are discussed in terms of the rate of heat release computed from the measured pressure, and the concentrations of THC, CO, and NOx are measured by FT-IR and CLD. The experimental data to date show that operation without knock is possible with mixtures of higher equivalence ratio when DME is directly injected rather than when it is inducted in the form of a perfectly homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Although fuel injected early in the compression stroke promotes homogeneity of the DME-air mixture in the cylinder, it causes the mixture to ignite too early to secure good thermal efficiency and knock-free operation at high loads. Low temperature reactions occur at about 660K regardless of the fueling methods, fuel injection timing and equivalence ratio. The main components of hydrocarbon emissions turned out to be unburned fuel (DME), formaldehyde and methane.