发动机燃用生物柴油对NO_x排放影响的试验研究

在一台涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上分别燃用生物柴油、掺混油和石化柴油进行试验,对滞燃期、燃烧始点、燃烧压力、燃烧温度、预混燃烧放热规律和扩散燃烧放热规律等燃烧参数对NOx排放的影响进行了研究。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,发动机滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,最高燃烧压力增加,最高燃烧温度上升,预混燃烧累积放热率减小,扩散燃烧累积放热率增大;燃烧参数的变化是造成NOx排放升高的主要原因。     

正丁醇预混合气对轻型柴油机热效率和排放的影响

对1台轻型柴油机进气道进行改装,从而在进气道中形成均质丁醇预混合气。研究了在不同工况下正丁醇预混比对发动机指示热效率和排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机指示热效率呈现上升的趋势,转速为3 350r/min,平均指示压力为1MPa时指示热效率的提升率达到最大为4.3%;压力升高率过大,限制了在大负荷条件下使用更高的丁醇预混比例;随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机soot和NO_x排放明显改善,而CO和HC排放均随着丁醇预混比的增加而增大。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧和排放特性研究

对比分析了小型直喷柴油机燃用生物柴油和柴油的燃烧放热规律和排放物浓度.结果表明:与燃用柴油相比,发动机燃用生物柴油时的最大燃烧压力略有提高,最大压力升高率和最大燃烧放热率则明显降低,对应的曲轴转角提前.生物柴油发动机的CO排放在小负荷和大负荷有明显降低,在中等负荷与柴油发动机相同,在整个负荷范围内,HC和碳烟排放较低,但NOx和CO2排放略有升高.     

压缩比和EGR率对预混压燃柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

利用CONVERGE软件研究不同压缩比和EGR率对预混压燃(PCCI)柴油机燃烧和排放的影响规律。在1 650 r/min转速50%负荷下,采用小喷油锥角和4次多脉冲预喷射喷油策略实现PCCI燃烧。结果表明,降低压缩比能够显著推迟缸内着火时刻,强化油气混合,同时降低NOx和干碳烟的排放,但油耗会提高;随着EGR率的增大,缸内着火延迟时间越长,燃烧爆发压力、缸内平均温度、瞬时放热率峰值和缸内压力升高率则相应降低,同时NOx排放下降,干碳烟排放升高,油耗升高。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油低温燃烧性能的仿真研究

采用GT-Power软件模拟分析了不同EGR率和喷油正时对柴油机燃用生物柴油低温燃烧性能的影响。研究表明:随着EGR率的增加,最高燃烧压力下降,缸内最高平均温度逐渐升高,燃烧相位后移,有效燃油消耗率增加,热效率降低,NO_x排放大幅度降低,炭烟排放、CO排放和THC排放都升高。在相同的EGR率下,随着喷油正时的延迟,最高燃烧压力和缸内平均燃烧温度降低,燃烧放热相位后移,燃油消耗率先减小后增加,热效率先升高后降低,NO_x排放降低,炭烟排放先升高后降低,CO排放和THC排放同时升高。通过调节EGR率和喷油正时可同时使NO_x排放和炭烟排放低于原机,但是会导致燃油消耗率和热效率大幅度恶化,且CO和THC排放升高。     

喷孔数调控活性分层对乙醇-柴油双燃料燃烧的影响

基于1台自然吸气的单缸柴油机,结合缸内三维燃烧仿真计算,研究了不同直喷正时、不同预混比例条件下,直喷喷油器的喷孔数对乙醇-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明,优化直喷喷油器的喷孔数,能影响直喷柴油的缸内分布,调控乙醇-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程。减少喷孔数,可以有效降低缸内高活性柴油的分布区域,减少初始着火的位置,从而降低缸内最高燃烧压力和压力升高率,并且可以在炭烟排放保持较低水平的基础上,降低氮氧化物(NO_x)排放。随着乙醇预混比例的增大,喷孔数对燃烧和排放的影响先增大后减小。随着喷油提前角的增大,由于直喷燃油在缸内混合较为均匀,喷孔数的影响作用逐渐减小。     

EGR对柴油-天然气双燃料发动机稀燃的影响

在一台由柴油机加装天然气供给系统改装而成的双燃料发动机上进行试验,分别研究了EGR率和过量空气系数(a)随喷油提前角变化对双燃料发动机的影响。结果表明:当EGR率为0时,a过大导致热效率降低。增大喷油提前角使着火提前,燃烧得以改善,最大压力升高率和最高燃烧压力提高,热值折合燃料消耗率降低。喷油提前角一定时,最大压力升高率、最高燃烧压力随EGR率的增大先升高后降低,热值折合燃料消耗率先降低后升高,EGR率为20%时热值折合燃料消耗率达到最低值。采用EGR技术能有效降低NOx排放,但HC,CO,CH4和炭烟排放随着EGR率的增大而增大;增大喷油提前角使缸内柴油预混燃烧比例增加,HC,CO,CH4和炭烟排放降低。因此,采用EGR时应适当增加喷油提前角。     

醇醚燃料发动机非常规污染物排放特性研究

在1台经过改装的单缸柴油机上,采用气相色谱和FT-IR红外光谱检测技术,开展了进气道喷射DME和甲醇双燃料HCCI燃烧方式,以及进气道喷射DME、缸内直喷甲醇双燃料复合燃烧方式下,非常规污染物排放特性的试验研究。结果表明,在不同的燃烧方式下均检测到甲醛、乙醛、甲酸、甲酸甲酯等非常规排放物,且甲醛是非常规排放物中的主要成分。DME—甲醇HCCI燃烧方式下,在同一负荷下随着甲醇喷射量的增加,甲醛、乙醛、甲酸甲酯的排放都有所增加;在同一甲醇浓度下随着发动机负荷的增加,甲醛的排放增加,乙醛的排放减少,甲酸甲酯的排放先减少后增加。复合式燃烧方式下,甲醛的排放随着有效功率的增大呈先降低后升高的趋势;甲酸甲酯和甲酸的排放均随着有效功率的增加而减少,随着DME喷射比例的增加而增加。DME—甲醇HCCI燃烧方式下,甲醇排放量增加十分明显。     

基于Fluent的天然气燃烧特性研究

通过控制变量设计试验方案,研究定容燃烧弹内的预混燃烧特性以及火花塞数量和布置方式对天然气预混火焰传播性质的影响.利用Fluent软件对各方案进行数值模拟计算,计算结果表明,天然气预混燃烧速率比汽油小,采用双火花塞布置可有效提高燃烧速率,缓解天然气发动机动力性不足,为天然气速燃技术的进一步研究提供理论基础.     

甲醇-汽油复合喷射发动机燃烧排放性能研究

为了研究不同比例甲醇和汽油混合燃料对发动机燃烧排放性能的影响,对1台1.4 L缸内直喷发动机加装了进气道喷射系统,改造为甲醇进气道喷射(MPI)+汽油缸内直喷(GDI)发动机,运用CFD技术建立该发动机模型,对不同甲醇热值替代比下的缸内混合气形成、燃烧和排放特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:在混合气形成方面,随着甲醇替代比的提高,缸内温度逐渐下降(但在点火时刻缸内温度下降趋势减缓),未蒸发燃料质量迅速增加。在缸内燃烧方面,提高甲醇替代比能够有效地加速缸内燃烧过程,提高缸内峰值缸压和峰值放热率,缩短滞燃期和燃烧持续期,使燃烧重心提前,但较高甲醇替代比下加速燃烧过程趋势减缓。在排放物生成方面,随着甲醇替代比的提高,NO_x排放逐渐增加,CO总排放量降低,但峰值CO量却呈现先增后减趋势,THC排放逐渐增加,其中大部分为未燃甲醇。     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

CNG发动机和汽油机燃烧的比较分析

CNG发动机与汽油机的燃烧同为预混湍流燃烧,但火焰传播速度、着火延迟期及混合气热值均不同。为在汽油机上改燃CNG或CNG/汽油两用燃料发动机发挥CNG燃烧的优点,针对CNG燃烧特点设计发动机,才能达到较高的输出功率和较低的排放。     

多次喷射对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

基于1台高压共轨涡轮增压柴油机,采用不同的预喷正时、预喷油量与后喷正时等,研究了多次喷射对燃烧放热、排放生成与燃油经济性的影响,以实现均质压燃和低温燃烧过程。研究结果表明:随预喷正时提前,缸内峰值压力降低,主燃阶段的滞燃期缩短,NOx和炭烟排放均降低;随预喷油量增加,预喷阶段燃烧的放热率和最大压力升高率增大,NOx和HC排放增大,而PM和CO排放降低;随后喷始点推迟,缸内压力与主放热率峰值差异变小,NOx排放降低,但炭烟排放先增大后逐渐降低。     

Investigation of engine restart stability after idle stop for a mild type HEV powertrain

Stringent regulations on exhaust emissions and fuel economy for vehicles have become major issues in the automotive industry. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are one of the crucial alternative plans to current conventional vehicles, but they have drawbacks, which include increases in total hydrocarbon (THC) emission from the engine and deterioration of the combustion stability with frequent stopping and restarting of the engine. Intake port fuel film is evaporated up during the deceleration state due to the fuel-cut. The λ (relative A/F ratio) at engine restart is lean because part of injected fuel is used to form the fuel film in the intake port. This study revealed the behavior of a fuel film in engine stop with fuel-cut and in engine restart with a simulation model. To investigate the fuel film characteristics, a simulation model was applied and validated with a single-cylinder engine. The simulation result shows that λ of at least 1.2 is required for a stable engine restart. The minimum injection quantity of the first cycle for stable combustion is suggested to be at least 240% of the steady-state idle condition.     

内外EGR和喷油压力对柴油机低温燃烧的影响

在1台装有电液可变气门的单缸柴油机上,通过改变内外EGR策略和喷油压力,对柴油机小负荷工况下低温燃烧的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了试验研究。内部EGR通过排气门两次开启实现,发动机转速和喷油量分别固定为1 500r/min和20mg/cycle。研究结果表明,通过高EGR率控制可以实现超低NOx排放,其中采用高喷油压力可以降低内部EGR的炭烟排放,而采用低喷油压力可以降低外部中冷EGR的HC和CO排放。在内外EGR耦合控制策略中,提高内部EGR比例可以降低HC和CO排放,但改善效果逐渐减弱,同时为了抑制炭烟排放,需要结合更高喷油压力,而提高外部中冷EGR比例可以获得较高热效率。     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

不同辛烷值参比燃料HCCI燃烧特性的试验研究

对不同辛烷值基本参比燃料及其混合物在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCCI燃烧试验,研究了燃料辛烷值、发动机冷却水温度、进气温度以及冷EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性和排放特性的影响。结果表明;在同一当量比下,随燃料辛烷值增大,着火时刻推迟,燃烧放热速率降低,HC和CO排放增大。HCCI燃烧随负荷的增大、EGR牢的减小、进气温度和冷卸水温度的升高,着火时刻提前,燃烧放热速率加快。     

HCNG发动机排放特性分析

对EQD210N—20天然气发动机燃烧HCNG(氢气—天然气混合燃料)时的排放特性进行了试验和分析。试验结果表明,CO的排放浓度受燃空当量比、点火提前角、进气管绝对压力和燃料成分的影响较大;HC排放浓度有随掺氢比的增大呈降低的趋势,提高进气管绝对压力,点火提前角对HC排放浓度的影响减弱;天然气掺氢气后NOx排放升高。