船体湿表面脉动压力预报的三维非线性方法

本文给出了一种预报船体湿表面脉动压力响应的三维非线性时历模拟方法.计及瞬时物面变化引起的各种非线性因素,在时域内建立船体非线性运动方程.在每一时刻,认为船体以其瞬时平均湿表面为平衡位置做简谐振荡运动,利用三维线性频域解来简化运算.在此基础上,进一步将绕射和辐射问题在静平衡位置求解,仅考虑占主导地位的入射波和静恢复力变化的非线性,作为一种兼顾工程需要的计算精度和计算效率的简化方法.以此方法为基础编制了计算机程序,对实船进行了计算,并与模型试验进行了对比.分析比较表明,该方法能够给出令人满意的船体湿表面脉动压力响应预报结果.     

6750箱集装箱船非线性波激振动和颤振响应分析

本文采用三维时域非线性水弹性方法分析了一艘6750箱集装箱船的水弹性响应以及运动和垂向弯矩特征。通过考虑入射波力、静水恢复力、砰击效应的非线性,研究了在恶劣海况下船体的非线性运动和垂向弯矩响应,同时分析了波激振动及颤振对垂向弯矩的影响。数值计算结果表明:(1)非线性入射波力对运动的影响较小,但是对垂向弯矩的影响较大,使得其有明显的倍频成分,同时中垂弯矩显著大于中拱弯矩。另外,非线性入射波力也引起了明显的非线性波激振动;(2)非线性静水恢复力对运动和载荷的影响均较大,但是没有引起明显的非线性响应。非线性计算的垂荡响应小于线性结果,而纵摇和垂向弯矩响应大于线性结果;(3)砰击效应对运动的影响较小,但对垂向弯矩的影响较大,砰击效应引起了显著的船体弹性高频振动,增大了载荷幅值,但是其引起的合成中垂和中拱幅值相差不大;(4)非线性水动力的作用主要引起垂向弯矩的倍频响应,包括倍频可能引起的二节点垂向弯矩弹性共振,而砰击效应主要引起船体二节点垂向弯矩共振;(5)本文的非线性水弹性响应计算结果与Kim给出的数值计算结果吻合很好。     

规则迎浪中船舶参数横摇的三维时域预报方法研究

参数横摇是船舶因复原特性改变而引起的典型非线性现象。文章采用三维时域方法预报规则迎浪中船舶的参数横摇运动。该方法引入匹配面将流域分为内域和外域,内域中采用Rankine源来满足物面条件和线性自由面条件,而外域中应用时域格林函数来满足线性自由面条件和远场辐射条件。数值方法中,Froude-Krylov力和恢复力是通过对船舶瞬时湿表面积积分获得,同时考虑了横摇、垂荡和纵摇三自由度之间的耦合作用,以及非线性横摇阻尼的影响。数值结果与试验结果吻合很好,说明该方法可以有效地预报参数横摇。     

Large-amplitude motion responses of a Ro–Ro ship to regular oblique waves in intact and damaged conditions

This article presents a nonlinear time-domain simulation method for the prediction of large-amplitude motions of a Ro–Ro ship in regular oblique waves in an intact and a damaged condition. Numerical computations and model tests have been carried out to investigate the dynamic motion responses of Ro–Ro ship Dextra to various wave amplitudes at three different wave headings. The results of numerical and experimental investigations for stern quartering waves are reviewed. Comparisons between predictions and measurements show good agreement except in the roll-resonant region. Nonlinear effects are significant in horizontal modes of motion, and resonant roll motion, and there is strong coupling between all modes of motion in the roll-resonant region for large-amplitude responses. On the other hand, the time-domain simulation technique suffers from numerical drift in horizontal modes of motion as wave amplitude increases. This is due to nonlinear equations of motion and the lack of a restoring force and moment in horizontal motion. Received: April 30, 2002 / Accepted: August 9, 2002 Acknowledgments. II Programme of the European Community Commission under contract No. BRPR-CT97-0513. Address correspondence to: H.S. Chan (hoi-sang.chan@ncl.ac.uk)     

考虑晃荡耦合船舶运动的晃荡压力算法（英文）

The effect of coupling between sloshing and ship motions in the evaluation of slosh-induced interior pressures is studied. The coupling between sloshing loads and ship motions is modelled through a hybrid algorithm which combines a potential flow solution based on transient Green function for the external ship hydrodynamics with a viscous flow solution based on a multiphase interface capturing volume of fluid(VOF) technique for the interior sloshing motion. The coupled algorithm accounts for full nonlinear slosh forces while the external forces on the hull are determined through a blended scheme of linear radiationdiffraction with nonlinear Froude-Krylov and restoring forces. Consideration of this level of nonlinearities in ship motions is found to have non-negligible effects on the slosh-coupled responses and slosh-induced loads. A scheme is devised to evaluate the statistical measure of the pressures through long-duration simulation studies in extreme irregular waves. It is found that coupling significantly influences the tank interior pressures, and the differences in the pressures between coupled and uncoupled cases can be as much as 100% or more. To determine the RAO over the frequency range needed for the simulation studies in irregular waves, two alternative schemes are proposed, both of which require far less computational time compared to the conventional method of finding RAO at each frequency, and the merits of these are discussed.     

一种船舶运动和载荷响应的非线性预报方法

首先采用半解析的方法得到时域水动力系数,并给出一些数值计算时实用性的建议,然后计及瞬时湿表面变化引起的非线性恢复力和入射波力并在时间域内计算运动方程,最后对实船进行了运动和载荷预报,数值结果与模型试验数据对比表明,载荷非线性要比运动非线性明显;采用的计及非线性影响的预报方法是切实可行的。     

3-D computational method of wave loads on turret moored FPSO tankers

A three-dimensional method of calculating wave loads of turret moored FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) tankers is presented. The linearized restoring forces acting on the ship hull by the mooring system are calculated according to the catenary theory, which are expressed as the function of linear stiffness coefficients and the displacements of the upper ends of mooring chains. The hydrodynamic coefficients of the ship are calculated by the three-dimensional potential flow theory of the linear hydrodynamic problem for ships with a low forward speed. The equations of ship motions are established with the effect of the restoring forces from the mooring system included as linear stiffness coefficients. The equations of motions are solved in frequency domain, and the responses of wave-induced motions and loads on the ship can be obtained. A computer program based on this method has been developed, and some calculation examples are illustrated. Analysis results show that the method can give satisfying prediction of wave loads.     

Time-domain simulation of wave-induced nonlinear motions and loads and its applications in ship design

A nonlinear time-domain formulation for ship motions and wave loads and a nonlinear long-term statistics method are presented and applied to the S175 container ship. The general agreement between model tests and numerical results is very satisfactory. The calculated long-term vertical sagging and hogging moments amidships are comparable to those given by DNV rules. The approach described in this paper can be used as a way of more accurately evaluating extreme wave loads and other nonlinear responses in ship design.     

Time-domain strip method with memory-effect function considering the body nonlinearity of ships in large waves (second report)

In the previous paper, one of the authors proposed a new time-domain nonlinear strip method for a rigid body, in which hydrodynamic forces are evaluated by a convolution integral with the memory function computed for the instantaneous submerged part of the transverse sections, and the Froude–Krylov and hydrostatic forces are evaluated on the instantaneous wetted hull surface. In this paper, first, that nonlinear strip method is extended for an elastic body using a method of superposition of elastic mode functions, which enabled us to investigate whipping phenomena due to impulsive large waves. Second, the influence of different approximations of the pressure above the still-water surface is investigated, and then the results calculated by the proposed nonlinear strip method are compared with the experimental ones. Third, whipping phenomena observed for an elastic body at higher Froude numbers are studied through a comparison between computed and measured results. Higher-frequency vibrations in the vertical bending moment due to slamming are discussed. Furthermore, the wave load due to green water on deck is calculated by introducing a practical model, and the effects of the green water on responses of both rigid and elastic bodies are investigated.     

An approach to estimating the hull girder response of a ship due to springing

This article describes an estimation method for the hull girder response of a ship due to springing. The linear and nonlinear springing effects on the hull girder are evaluated. Previous studies on the springing response focused mainly on the symmetric response, or vertical response. In this article, however, the springing analysis is extended to asymmetric responses, or horizontal and torsional responses. The Timoshenko beam model was used to calculate the hull girder response and the quadratic strip method was employed to calculate hydrodynamic forces and moments on the hull. To remove irregular frequencies, a rigid lid was adopted on the hull free surface level and hydrodynamic coefficients were interpolated for asymptotic values. Applications to two ships for the symmetric and asymmetric responses were carried out and the effect of springing responses is also discussed.     

江海直达船舶波浪载荷响应试验与数值计算研究（英文）

The ship motions and wave-induced loads of a new type of river-to-sea ship are investigated experimentally and numerically. A river-to-sea ship is an unconventional type of container ship characterized by high breadth to draft ratio and low length to breadth ratio, which makes it more prone to hydroelasticity than conventional ships of the same size. A segmented model was tested under two loading conditions, namely, ballast and loaded conditions, to determine the vertical motions and wave-induced loads under each condition. Results are compared with numerical simulations in the frequency domain. The wave-induced responses are calculated by a nonlinear time domain code at each time step. The response amplitude operators of vertical ship responses in regular waves are analyzed, and the wave-induced responses are consistent with the experimental results.     

Broaching prediction in the light of an enhanced mathematical model,with higher-order terms taken into account

 We have attempted to develop a more consistent mathematical model for capsizing associated with surf-riding in following and quartering waves by taking most of the second-order terms of the waves into account. The wave effects on the hull maneuvring coefficients were estimated, together with the hydrodynamic lift due to wave fluid velocity, and the change in added mass due to relative wave elevations. The wave effects on the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to rudder angles were estimated by using the Mathematical Modelling Group (MMG) model. Then captive ship model experiments were conducted, and these showed reasonably good agreements between the experiments and the calculations for the wave effects on the hull and the rudder maneuvring forces. It was also found that the wave effects on restoring moments are much smaller than the Froude–Krylov prediction, and the minimum restoring arm appears on a wave downslope but not on a wave crest amidship. Thus, an experimental formula of the lift force due to the heel angle of the ship is provided for numerical modelling. Numerical simulations were then carried out with these second-order terms of waves, and the results were compared with the results of free-running model experiments. An improved prediction accuracy for ship motions in following and quartering seas was demonstrated. Although the boundaries of the ship motion modes were also obtained with both the original model and the present one, the second-order terms for waves are not so crucial for predicting the capsizing boundaries themselves. Received: June 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 10, 2002 Acknowledgments. This research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (No. 13555270). The authors thank Prof. N. Rakhmanin of the Krylov Ship Research Institute for providing the Russian literature, as well as Mr. H. Murata of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) for translating it into Japanese. Address correspondence to: N. Umeda (e-mail: umeda@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp)     

生产驳船多点系泊定位系统动态响应

导出了多点系泊系统的船舶运动方程,在船舶运动方程中计入了非线性恢复力。缆索分段的三维动态方程中采用了凝集参数模型与平均切向量非线性流体动力载荷处理技术,对某生产驳船系泊问题进行了计算,对受有风、浪、流环境力的系泊船运动方程进行了数值求解,得到了随时间变化的船舶运动和系泊索动态张力,考查了缆索动力学对船舶运动和链张力的影响,并与以前未计入缆索动力影响的准静态结果进行了比较。     

船用气囊隔振系统的非线性动力学特性

气囊隔振系统通常被广泛应用于对舰船或潜艇上的大型旋转机械实施隔振控制。然而,船舶在航行时,隔振系统有时会产生过大的位移,会呈现出一些非线性动力学现象。文中以带间隙的线性弹簧限位器的隔振系统为研究对象,考虑了垂直和偏转两个方向的运动,基于分析力学的相关理论建立了具有旋转偏心质量的气囊隔振系统非线性动力学模型,并且采用数值方法重点分析了该系统的非线性动力学行为以及参数变化对系统动力学特性的影响。结果显示在低转速时,系统呈现出准周期运动特性;随着转速的增大,系统运动中出现混沌、周期3、5、7及准周期运动等一系列的非线性动力学现象。     

一种新的路径积分法在船舶横摇概率计算中的应用

基于Gauss-Legendre积分规则提出了一种新的路径积分法来计算随机横浪中船舶非线性横摇运动的概率密度分布,新的路径积分法能够得出精确的瞬态概率密度分布,包括系统响应尾部区域的概率分布,其对系统的可靠性分析是十分重要的.船舶随机横摇运动微分方程考虑到阻尼力与恢复力的非线性.数值模拟了联合概率密度函数随时间的演变,分析了外部激励强度对船舶稳态概率密度分布的影响.数值模拟的结果表明新的路径积分法对研究船舶非线性横摇运动概率密度分布是十分有效的.     

CFD simulation of 3-dimensional motion of a ship in waves: application to an advancing ship in regular heading waves

A new computational fluid dynamics simulation method has been developed for the unsteady motion of a ship advancing in waves. The objective is to evaluate the added resistance and predict the performance of a ship in waves. In this study, a finite volume method, in the framework of a boundary-fitted grid system, is employed. The motion of the ship is solved with six degrees of freedom by using the hydrodynamic forces and moments obtained from the solution of the simulation method. The marker–density–function method is employed to calculate the nonlinear free surface. This method is applied to the coupled motion problem of heaving and pitching. Received for publication on Nov. 15, 1999; accepted on Nov. 18, 1999     

波浪对箱形船作用的三维耦合计算模型

为获得具有工程实用价值的港口三维船非线性波浪力的时域计算方法,该文建立了波浪对港口中船非线性作用的三维时域计算耦合模型:用欧拉方程计算船底面下的内域,用Boussinesq方程计算船侧面到港口边界的外域,两域在交界面处匹配条件是流量连续和压力相等.并进行了相关模型实验,实验结果和数值计算结果比较表明该耦合计算模型具有满意的精度.此外,该三维耦合模型数学处理简单,计算效率高,可适用于工程计算.     

Investigation on the nonlinear effects of the vertical motions and vertical bending moment for a wave-piercing tumblehome vessel based on a hydro-elastic segmented model test

Although the nonlinear effects of the ship motions, wave-induced loads and structural responses of conventional vessels have been investigated experimentally and numerically in recent years, similar studies on the wave-piercing tumblehome (WPTH) vessels are rare, in spite of the urgent necessary due to their extensive applications. This paper experimentally investigated the nonlinear effects of the vertical motions and vertical bending moment (VBM) for a WPTH vessel based on a hydro-elastic segmented model test. The model test was carried out in head regular waves for three amplitudes, in the towing tank at Harbin Engineering University. Based on the band-pass filter technique, four kinds of decomposed harmonics are defined by mean offset, linear wave-frequency response, nonlinear wave-frequency response and nonlinear high-frequency vibration. Meanwhile, based on mean offset, three kinds of combined responses are defined by considering linear wave-frequency response, nonlinear wave-frequency response and nonlinear high-frequency vibrations step by step. The transfer functions of vertical motions and VBM are presented as function of the incident wave frequency, and the measured data and VBM were compared with numerical calculations for validation. With the method proposed above, the results of VBM are analyzed by focusing on the influences of decomposed harmonics on the amplitudes and asymmetry of combined responses. Strong nonlinear effects are observed in the VBM. The nonlinearity of VBM can be identified by the significant amplitudes of decomposed harmonics, variation of amplitude with the wave amplitude and remarkable asymmetry about the zero axis. The hogging VBM of WPTH vessel can be even larger than the sagging VBM, which is in contrast to the general experiences from conventional vessels. Combined the calculated relative motion with the decomposed and combined histories of VBM, the occurrence of the transient impact and its characteristics are discussed, and these are then used to analyze the unconventional asymmetry of VBM. Furthermore, the influences of the bow shape over the vertical motions and VBM are discussed. At the end of the paper, the uncertainties in the test are provided.     

白噪声海浪激励下船舶非线性横摇运动的概率分析

应用求解FPK方程近似解的一种新理论研究白噪声激励下船舶非线性横摇运动的联合概率密度函数及稳定期望穿阈率.船舶随机横摇运动微分方程考虑到阻尼力与恢复力的非线性.新理论基于减少FPK方程的误差以获得参数化的联合概率密度函数.应用本理论易得一维积分表达的系统响应的概率特性,如联合概率密度函数及稳定期望穿阈率.近似解与精确解的比较结果表明:新理论在研究白噪声激励下船舶非线性横摇运动是非常有效的.